Transcript Chapter 4: Computer Software

1
Introduction to Information Systems
Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise
Chapter
4
Computer
Software
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Chapter Objectives
• Describe several important trends occurring in
computer software.
• Give examples of several major types of
application and system software.
• Explain the purpose of several popular
software packages for end user productivity
and collaborative computing.
• Outline the functions of an operating system.
• Describe the main uses of high-level, fourthgeneration, object-oriented, and Web-oriented
programming languages and tools.
2
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
3
Categories of Computer Software
Computer
Software
System
Software
Application
Software
GeneralPurpose
Programs
ApplicationSpecific
Programs
System
Management
Programs
System
Development
Programs
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Database Management
Software
Development
Tools
Databases
Hardware
Operating System
Graphics User Interface
Special Applications
Games
4
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
5
Apple :
Leopard
????
Microsoft
Office
Microsoft:
Vista
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
6
•
Apple : Goes to
Intel Chip
Leopard
Yes
Microsoft
Office
Microsoft:
Vista
Operating systems are
processor specific
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
7
Functions of an Operating System
User
Interface
Resource
Management
Task
Management
File
Management
Utilities
and Other
Functions
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
8
Trends in Computer Software
First
Second
Third
Generation Generation Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application
Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
User-Written
Programs
Machine
Languages
Packaged
Programs
Symbolic
Languages
Operating
Systems
High-Level
Languages
DBMS
Fourth-Generation
Languages
Microcomputer
Packages
Natural &
Object-Oriented
Languages
Multipurpose
Graphic- Interface
Network-Enabled
Expert-Assisted
Packages
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and
Tools
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
9
Categories of Programming Languages
Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages
Use binary coded
Use brief statements
Use embedded
instructions
control codes
1001 1001
<H1>First heading</H>
Compute X = Y + Z
<!ELEMENT Product
1100 1101
(#Item | manuf)>
Assembler Languages Fourth Generation
Object-Oriented
Use symbolic coded Languages
Languages
Use natural statements Define objects that
instructions
LOD Y
ADD Z
SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS
contain data and actions
Document.write
(“Hi There”)
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
• 10 PRINT “HELLO”
• 20 END
10
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
• 10 PRINT “HELLO”
• 20 GOTO 10
• 30 END
11
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
12
Programming Language Translation
IF A := B
THEN
• Compiler
• Interpreter
• Assembler
Language
Translator
Program
1001101
1110101
0010110
Source
Program
Written in
BASIC,
COBOL,
etc.
Language
Translation
Process
Why do I want the source code?
Machine
Language
Object
Program
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
13
Categories of Programming Languages
Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages
Use binary coded
Use brief statements
Use embedded
instructions
control codes
1001 1001
<H1>First heading</H>
Compute X = Y + Z
<!ELEMENT Product
1100 1101
(#Item | manuf)>
Assembler Languages Fourth Generation
Object-Oriented
Use symbolic coded Languages
Languages
Use natural statements Define objects that
instructions
LOD Y
ADD Z
SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS
contain data and actions
Document.write
(“Hi There”)
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
• Application software types
– Custom development – programming
• Expensive –
• Consultant dependent
• Hard to get out of
– Within application development
• Written within an existing software environment
• Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications
– Turn key systems
• Little customization – dependent on the vendor
• “Turn it on and run it”
14
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Database Management
Software
Development
Tools
Databases
Hardware
Operating System
Graphics User Interface
Special Applications
Games?
15
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Categories of software: Layering
• The hardware is the center
• The system software – operating system
– Controls the hardware and supports the application
– Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces)
– Controls communications
• Development software – tools for creating applications
– Programming languages
– Database management software
• Applications software – The big area
16
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Common General- Purpose Applications
• A move toward generic applications that can
be adapted … spreadsheet software and
database software.
• Electronic Mail
• Word Processing
• Presentation Graphics
• Multimedia
• Personal Information Manager
• Groupware
17
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
18
Web Browsers
Discussion
Groups
Surf the Net
Launch
Information
Searches
Typical uses of a Web
Browser in Internet,
Intranet, and Extranet
Environments
Multimedia
File
Transfer
E-Mail
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Database Management Packages
Database
Development
Database
Interrogation
Primary Tasks of
Database Management
Packages
Database
Maintenance
Application
Development
19
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
20
Multimedia Technologies
Video Capture
Card
Authoring
Language
Compact Disk
Interactive
Storyboard
Sound Board
Key
Technologies
of
Multimedia
MIDI
Interactive
Video
Digital Video
Interactive
Compressed
Audio
Computer
Edit System
Digital Audio
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
21
Business Enterprise Application Software
Accounting and
Financial
Management
Customer
Relationship
Management
Human
Resource
Management
Supply
Chain
Management
Business
Decision
Support
Enterprise
Resource
Planning
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Summary
• Software is more capable
• Software is more graphic oriented - GUI
• Software takes more computer resources
– Disk storage and RAM
•
•
•
•
•
Databases are more and more dominant
Fewer standard computer languages
Software is more object oriented
Web based applications are increasing
Database systems
22
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Chapter Summary
• Computer software consists of two major types
of programs: application software that directs
the performance of a particular end user task,
and system software that controls and
supports the operations of a computer system.
• Application software includes a variety of
programs that can be segregated into generalpurpose and application-specific categories.
23
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Chapter Summary (cont)
• System software can be subdivided into
system management programs and system
development programs. The former is used to
manage hardware, software, networks, and
data resources. The latter is used by IS
specialists to develop computer programs.
• An operating system is an integrated system of
programs that supervises the operations of the
CPU.
24
James A. O’Brien
Introduction to Information Systems
Chapter Summary (cont)
• There are 5 major levels of programming
languages. Language translator programs
convert programming language instructions
into machine language instructions.
25