Transcript ls - Adelphi University

Software I: Utilities and
Internals
Lecture 1 – UNIX for Beginners
* Credit to Dr. Robert Siegfried and
http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/LearnLinux/
by David M.
What is UNIX?
• UNIX is a time-sharing operating system with userchosen shells (user interfaces) and one kernel
(operating system core, which allocates and control
resources such as CPU time, memory and I/O
devices).
• UNIX includes:
– kernel
– tools, including compilers, editors, etc.
– shell, which includes its own programming language
Unix OS Layers
Microsoft, Corporation,. Unix Application Migration Guide (Patterns & Practices) Apr 2, 2003
Unix Philosophy
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Simplicity – KISS
Focus – one program -> one task
Reusable components – libraries
Filters – transform input to produce output
– combine unix programs easily that way
• Open file formats – config and data not
binary
• Flexible – assume others will use it
differently than you intended
What is LINUX?
• Linux is an open-source operating system,
indirectly based on the last public release of
UNIX.
• Linux is available in many different versions
and different releases and is also closely
associated with the GNU project, and through
the GNU project has many tools comparable to
those found in a UNIX distribution.
• GNU – open license (though read details);
collaborative project; www.gnu.org
GNU Project software for Linux
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GCC: The GNU Compiler for C
G++: The GNU Compiler for C++
GDB: A source code-level debugger
GNU Make: compilation instructions
Bash: A command shell
GNU Emacs: An editor
Linux is the kernel, and you add in projects
to make a complete Linux Installation
History of UNIX
• AT&T Bell Labs (1969)
• one of the first time-sharing operating systems.
• It was originally developed on a DEC PDP-7
and later redeveloped on a DEC PDP-11 in C,
• the first OS written in a high-level language.
• popular at colleges and universities and later in
the financial industry.
• Standards: POSIX (portable Operating System
Interface Specs) by IEEE - 1988
• The Single UNIX Specification by The Open
Group
History of Linux
• Andrew Tanenbaum developed MINIX from the last
public distribution of UNIX for use with his operating
Systems textbook. 1987
• When version 2 of MINIX was released, it was not
well adapted for 32-bit processors. This inspired
Linus Torsvald to begin work on what became Linux.
1991
• Torsvald welcomed suggestions; this gave way to the
community approach to software development that
became a hallmark of Linux.
• Kernel should contain only freely distributable code
Logging In
motd (message of the day)
doesn't appear when you type
login as: pepper
[email protected]'s password:
Last login: Sat Aug 30 21:51:58 2014 from pool-1
Welcome to Panther!
If you experience problems or have questions, please contact
the IT Help
Desk at (516) 877-3340, email [email protected], or visit
us in the
Information Commons on the Second Floor of Swirbul Library.
** Reminder: Your Website is
http://home.adelphi.edu/~pe16132
PEPPER@panther:~$
prompt
Where are you?
• Home
– cd ~ or just cd
• Present working directory
– pwd
• What do you have
– ls
• Moving around directories
– cd directory
– cd ..
Commands to Try
Case Sensitivity
• date – gives date and time
• who – tells you who is on the system and
connected to what terminal
• who am i – tells you who you are and to what
terminal you are connected
• whoami – tells you who you are
• w – displays what the system users are doing
UNIX and Terminals
• Unix is full duplex – communications between
computer and terminal goes in both directions
simultaneously and the computer controls
terminal display, using a process called echo.
• Example
echo hi there
hi there
(turn echo off with stty –echo and
back on with stty echo)
stty
• UNIX gives the user a way of adjusting terminal
settings
• stty – set terminal – change and print terminal line
settings.
• Example
PEPPER@panther:~$ stty -a
speed 38400 baud; rows 24; columns 80; line = 0;
intr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^?; kill = ^U; eof
= ^D; eol = <undef>;
eol2 = <undef>; swtch = <undef>;
… …
Standard Codes
intr
^c
Stops a program
erase
werase
kill
quit
^h
backspaces
erases last word typed
kills the current input line
stops the program and saves core in a file
stop
start
eof
^s
suspend
resume
^z
^w
^u
^\
^q
^d
^y
pause screen output
resumes screen output
no more data
temporarily stops (i.e., suspends) a program
resumes running a program
Try one Standard Code
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^s to stop
Type why don’t I see this
^q to resume
Type a bit more without pressing enter
Press ^u to erase
Stopping A Program
• Programs can be stopped by pressing the
Break, usually the ^c.
• ^z stops a program temporarily.
– You can restart it by listing jobs with jobs .
– You can bring it to the foreground using fg %1
• ^d indicates end of file.
– In your shell, it exits, logging you off
– After cat command it stops input mode
Logging Out
• You can log out by typing logout or exit. If
you use the wrong one, the system will let you
know.
• You can logout by simply typing ^d.
Online manual
• Most UNIX (and Linux) systems have an
online manual that can be accessed by typing:
man commandname
• Example
man who – shows the manual page on who
man man – shows the manual page on man
(g to top, G to bottom, /<search>,
space to get the next page)
Info manual
• Same information as man but with
navigation
• See tutorial with ctrl + H and exit that with l
• Place cursor and enter to reach section
• [ to return
Files and File-Oriented Commands
• A great deal of work on the system involves
files (data moving into or out of the computer),
which makes file-oriented commands
particularly important.
• File commands include:
– vi, ex, ed, emacs – file editors
– cat, more, pr – printing and display commands
– mv, cp, rm – file manipulation commands
– grep, sort, diff, tail - filters
Create a file using cat
• cat concatenates one or more files
• Can add file content
• Syntax:
– cat > filename to create
– Lines in the file
– Ctrl d to end
cat > hello
Hi there
I am here
Ctrl d
Append to a file
• > sends output to a new file
– creates
– Overwrites
• >> adds to the end
– Creates
– Appends
cat >> hello
Put this at the end
Ctrl d
Text editors
• There are 4 text editors that we will concern
ourselves with:
– ed – the original line-oriented editor
– ex – the extended line-oriented editor
– vi – visual editor (screen-oriented)
- emacs – rich visual editor
A Sample ed Session
Start the ED editor: ed [filename]
Add mode: a
Write: w
End/Quit: q
$ed
a
add text
…
type lots of stuff
…
.
ends adding text
w junk write text to a file called junk
39
number of characters saved
q
quit
Changing A File
Print current line: p
Print all lines: 1,$p
start at 1, end at last line
[SIEGFRIE@panther ~]$ ed junk
junk: No such file or directory
a
To be or not to be
.
a
That is the question
.
p
That is the question
1,$p
To be or not to be
That is the question
Changing A File (continued)
Substitute: s/original/new
s/the/The/
1,$p
To be or not to be
That is The question
w
40
q
[SIEGFRIE@panther ~]$
ls – Listing Files
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ls
junk temp
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ls -l
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 16:49 junk
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 17:03 temp
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ls -t
temp junk
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ls -l -t
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 17:03 temp
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 16:49 junk
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ls -lt
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 17:03 temp
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 16:49 junk
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ls * - all contents below
ls – l
• ls –l – provides a long listing of the files
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ls –l
long listing
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 16:49 junk
-rw-r--r-- 1 SIEGFRIE users 40 Jun 9 17:03 temp
Permissions
# of links owner
to file
owner's
group
# of bytes
in file
date & time of last
modification
file
name
Permission
-rw-r--r-regular
file
Owner has read
and write but not
execute permission
Owner's group has read
but not write nor execute
permission
The rest of the world has
read but not write nor execute
permission
Displaying File Content
• cat - displays multiple files in order
• more – displays one page at a time
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Space for next page
b to back up (not classic)
q to quit
/ to search
G to bottom and g to top
• less – similar to more
• pr – display as pages for a printer
mv, cp and rm
• mv – move (or rename) a file
– mv origname1 newname
– mv origname2 ../newplace/newname
– mv origname3 folder1/
– mv origname4 ../
• cp – copy a file
– cp file1 file2
• rm – remove (or delete) a file
– rm file1
– rm * - deletes everything in the directory!
– rm –rf folder1 – deletes folder and its contents
Rules Governing File Names
• Much older systems may limit names to 14
characters.
• UNIX is case-sensitive; junk, Junk and JUNK
are three different files.
• File names should not (but unfortunately can)
include unprintable characters (like escape
characters) or characters with special
meanings.
– E.g., how would you print the file –t?
Name completion
• Put in the first few characters
– Tab
• Fills if only one choice
• If not unique, tab again for choices
Command History
• All commands from this shell and then
prior fully exited shell
• Up and Down keys to see them
– Enter to execute
– Or Edit with left and right arrow keys
• history command
– See command number
– !command number to execute it
Quick VI introduction
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Create a file with vi filename
See contents
Type contents (starting in insert mode)
Save: escape :wq
– Means escape into command mode
– W for write to the filename given
– Q for quit
Mid PPT summary
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Signon
Entry of commands
Terminal settings
Standard control characters
Creating files
Displaying files
Copy and Move files
Exercise
• Start putty and enter panther.adelphi.edu
then open
• Exercises 1-3
– Use ls not lc
– Use cat, ed and vi to create the files when
asked
A Few Helpful File Processing
Commands
• There are several file processing commands that will
become useful:
wc
word count – displays line, word & character counts
grep
sort
general regular expression program – recognizes text
within a file.
sorts lines of text within a file.
tail
prints the last line(s) of text within a file.
head
Prints the first line(s) of text within a file.
diff
compares two files, printing each pair of lines that
differ.
grep
Search inside a file
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ grep fleas poem
Great fleas have little fleas
And little fleas have lesser fleas,
And the great fleas themselves, in turn,
have greater fleas to go on;
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ grep -v fleas poem
upon their backs to bite 'em
and so on ad infinitum.
While these again have greater still,
and great still and so on.
diff
Line by line difference
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ diff poem newpoem
2c2
< upon their backs to bite 'em
--> upon their backs to bite them
4c4
< and so on ad infinitum.
--> and so til ad infinitum.
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$
Command Summary
ls
ls filenames
ls –t
ls –l
ls –u
ls –r
ed filename
cp file1 file2
mv file1 file2
rm filenames
list filenames in current directory
lists only these files
lists in reverse chronological order
long listing
list by last time used
list in reverse order
edit a file listed by name
copy file1 to file2
move (or rename) file1 to file2
delete these files
Command Summary
cat filename(s)
display file contents
pr filename(s)
display and format file contents
pr –n filename(s)
display and format file contents in n columns
pr –m filename(s)
display files side by side
wc filename(s)
count words and bytes for these files
wc –l filename(s)
count lines for these files
grep pattern filename(s)
print lines containing the pattern
grep -v pattern filename(s) print lines not containing the pattern
diff file1 file2
print each pair of differing lines
more file1
Print the file one page at a time
tail file1
Print the end of the file only
Directories
• The system knows how to distinguish between
different files with the same name by recognizing that
they are listed in different directories.
• Each user has his/her own directory, which can be
divided into subdirectories by the user.
• You can use the cd (change directory) command to
switch between different directories and pwd (print
working directory) to display the current directory
being used.
Directory Movement
• Move up one directory
– cd .. (up one)
– cd ../anotherdirectory (get to parallel dir)
– cd ../../yetanotherdir (up 2 and down one)
– cd directory (goes down)
– cd /bin (absolute path)
• Move to home
– cd ~
• Where are you?
– pwd
A Sample File System
/
bin
dev
etc
you
junk
usr
mike
tmp
paul
junk
unix
boot
mary
temp junk
data
• /bin : binaries, programs used in booting
• /usr/bin: user binaries, standard programs available to
users
• /usr/local/bin: local binaries, programs specific to
installation
Managing Directories
• mkdir dirname
– Makes a directory inside your present working
directory
• rmdir dirname
– Delete an empty directory
• Use file commands to rename or copy dirs
– Rename a directory: mv olddir newdir
– Copy a directory: cp olddir newdir
The Shell
• The shell is another name for the command
interpreter, which runs all the commands that we type
in a session on a UNIX (or Linux) system.
• It provides 3 benefits:
– File name shorthands - a whole bunch of files specified
using wild card characters, can be specified at one.
– Input-output redirection – a file can replace either keyboard
or screen or both.
– You can personalize your environment.
Using *
* Expands to all matching files
• pr * - displays all the files in print format.
• rm * - deletes all files in current directory. (do
not do this)
• rm *.sav – deletes all files ending with .sav
• ls * - displays all files and folder contents
except . And ..
• ls .* - displays all files and folder contents
above and all below you
Metacharacters – An Example
[SIEGFRIE@panther junk]$ echo *
cookie temp
See all files except hidden that * suppresses
[SIEGFRIE@panther junk]$ echo .*
. .. .mybad
Just the hidden files
PEPPER@panther:~/271/tobetar$ ls *
junk99 linkToMenu5.c menu4.c menu5.c
insidedir:
afileinsidedir afileinsidedir2
All files inside dir and subdir
PEPPER@panther:~/271/tobetar$ ls .*
.: insidedir junk99 linkToMenu5.c menu4.c menu5.c
..:
alphavowels
dict.txt
All files inside the . Files of . And .. – so all
above
[ ]
• [ ] matches a single occurrence of one of the
characters in the brackets.
• pr ch[12346789] prints every whole chapter
except 5.
• pr ch[1-46-9] prints every whole chapter
except 5.
• rm temp[a-z] – deletes tempa, tempb, …,
tempz if they exist.
?
• ? – replaces any single occurrence of a single
character.
• ls ? – lists single-character file names.
• ls –l ch?.1 lists ch1.1, ch2.1, … ch9.1 if they
exist.
• rm temp? – deletes temp1, temp2, …tempa,
tempb, …, tempz if they exist.
Final Word on Metacharacters
• All file names must exist for the metacharacters to be
used:
mv
ch.* chapter.*
Won’t work because the chapter files don't already
exist.
• Metacharacters also can match other names in the
path, e.g., usr/*/calendar.
• How do you use a file name that has a metacharacter
in it?
• ls '?' or ls \?
Redirection
• Redirection replaces standard input (or standard
output) with a file.
• ls – lists the files in the directory on the screen.
• ls > filelist – creates a file containing the
directory listing
• cat f1 f2 f3 >temp – places the files' contents in a
file called temp. If the file already exists, it is
overwritten.
• cat f1 f2 f3 >>temp – places the files' contents in
a file called temp. If the file already exists, the output
is placed at the end.
Redirection – Some Other Examples
who > temp
sort < temp
• Alphabetical list of users
who > temp
wc –l < temp
• Counts number of users
ls > temp
pr -3 < temp
• Prints filenames in 3column format
who > temp
grep mary < temp
• Is Mary logged in?
sort < temp
sort temp
• Does the same thing
Normal Flow of Data
0
stdin
1
Command
options
2
stderr
stdout
Redirect errors
Error text is sent to stderr, accessed by 2>
PEPPER@panther:~/270$ ls cannotfindthis
ls: cannot access cannotfindthis: No such file or directory
PEPPER@panther:~/270$ ls cannotfindthis > temp
ls: cannot access cannotfindthis: No such file or directory
PEPPER@panther:~/270$ ls cannotfindthis 2> temp
PEPPER@panther:~/270$ more temp
ls: cannot access cannotfindthis: No such file or directory
PEPPER@panther:~/270$
Pipes
• As though it outputs to a temporary file and then the
piped program reads the temporary file
who | sort
who | wc –l
ls | wc –l
ls | pr -3
who | grep mary
• Any program reading the keyboard and displaying on
the screen can use a pipe (|)"
who | grep mary | wc –l
How many times did Mary log in?
Processes
• A process is the act of running a program
• Proper use of the shell will allow you to run 2 processes with
one command: (with ; separating them)
Example:
date;who
Yields:
Wed Jun 10 19:11:11 EDT 2009
SIEGFRIE pts/0
Jun 10 10:07 (pool… … .net)
Background Processes
• Proper use of the shell will allow you to run 2 processes
concurrently:
Run in the
background
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$wc ch* > wc.out &
[1] 12909
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ cat wc.out
1
4 21 ch1.1
8 47 260 ch1.2
8 47 258 ch2.1
1
6 19 ch2.2
18 104 558 total
[1]+ Done
wc ch* >wc.out
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$
Pipes and Background Processes
pr ch* | lp &
6951
$wait
kill -9 6944
Applies to the whole pipe
Waits until all the processes are finished
Kills the lp process
ps
• ps – process status
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$ ps
PID TTY
STAT
TIME
6660 tty1
Ss+
0:00
6661 tty2
Ss+
0:00
6662 tty3
Ss+
0:00
6663 tty4
Ss+
0:00
6664 tty5
Ss+
0:00
6665 tty6
Ss+
0:00
12115 pts/0
Ss
0:00
12944 pts/0
R+
0:00
[SIEGFRIE@panther bbb]$
ag
COMMAND
/sbin/mingetty
/sbin/mingetty
/sbin/mingetty
/sbin/mingetty
/sbin/mingetty
/sbin/mingetty
-bash
ps ag
tty1
tty2
tty3
tty4
tty5
tty6
Creating Processes
• Processes can create processes.
• If a process is running, in the background
when you log out, it will terminate unless you
submitted with nohup (no hang-up).
nohup command &
• Output is saved in the file nohup.out
nice expensive-command – cuts the process's
priority (20 highest, -20 lowest)
nice –n 19 ls *
Summary
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Introduction to linux command entry
Create and move files and directories
Navigate directories and history
A small command set
– wc, grep, sort, tail, head, cmp, diff, less, cut
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Metacharacters * and .
Piping
Process
Help (info and man)
Exercise
• http://home.adelphi.edu/~pe16132/csc271/
assignment/exBasicFiles.html