Transcript Technology Fundamentals - Calhoun County Schools

Technology
Fundamentals
6th pd
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Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Input
Output
Operating system
Printer
firewall
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Terms to know
Hardware
Software
Data
Mainframe
Cache
LAN, WAN
Programming
language
Analog/digital
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Binary numbers, as with decimal, octal, and
hexadecimal numbers, are organized into
columns. To learn binary math, we first need
to understand how number systems operate.
Let's take a look at the decimal system first,
since it is simple and easier to think about.
We can consider the number "1234" as
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Which means,
1234 = 1x1000 + 2x100 + 3x10 + 4x1
Thousands
1
Hundreds
2
Number systems
Tens
3
Ones
4
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The decimal system, as with decimal math,
operates in "base 10" (dec being the Latin prefix
for ten) using the digits 0-9 to represent
numbers, whereas the binary system, as well as
its math, operates in "base 2" (bi being the Latin
prefix for two) using the digits 0-1 to represent
numbers. The base is also known as the radix. In
other words, the table above can be represented
as,
Decimal
Binary
Thousands
10^3
2^3
Hundreds
10^2
2^2
Tens
10^1
2^1
Numbers continued…
Ones
10^0
2^0
Decimal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Binary
1
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
1001
1010
Decimal v. Binary
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Mouse
Keyboard
Microphone
Bar code reader
Input/Output
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Monitor
Printer
Speaker
An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of
programs and data, that runs on computers,
manages computer hardware resources, and provides
common services for execution of various application
software. The operating system is the most important
type of system software in a computer system.
Without an operating system, a user cannot run an
application program on their computer, unless the
application program is self booting.
 Examples of popular modern operating systems
include Android, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft
Windows.
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Operating Systems
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A firewall is a device or set of devices designed
to permit or deny network transmissions based
upon a set of rules and is frequently used to
protect networks from unauthorized access while
permitting legitimate communications to pass.
Firewall
Data are plain facts. When data are
processed, organized, structured or
presented in a given context so as to
make them useful, they are called
information.
 Data has no context.
 Data is the computer’s language.
Information is our translation of this
language.
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Data v. Information
An artificial language designed to
communicate instructions to a machine.
 Can be used to create programs that
control the behavior of a machine.
 Examples:
 BASIC, C++, DOS, COBOL
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Programming languages
System software : Windows OS, Linux
 Application software : MS Office, Internet
Explorer
 Utility software : Drivers, Compiler,
Interpreter
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Types of Software
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System software is a
computer software
which manages and
controls computer
hardware so that
application software
can perform a task.
System software
performs tasks like
transferring data
from memory to disk,
disk to memory, or
rendering text onto a
display device.
System software
performs the
following functions:
 File editing
 Resource accounting
 I/O management
 Storage management
 Complete stages of
computer processing
like – linking, editing,
relocation.
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System Software
Cache memory is fast memory that is
used to hold the most recently accessed
data in slower main memory. The idea is
that frequently used data will stay in
cache, which allows the CPU to access it
more quickly.
 L1 cache is primary cache – it is the fast
memory on CPU. (internal to CPU)
 L2 cache is slightly larger and slower than
L1 cache. (external)
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What is cache?
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Local Area Network – supplies networking
capability to a group of computers in close
proximity to each other such as in a
building, a school or a home. A LAN is
useful for sharing resources like files,
printers, or other applications.
LAN
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Wide Area Networks
is a telecommunication
network that covers a
broad area. WANs are
used to connect LANs
together. Many
WANs are built for
one particular
organization and are
private.
WAN
Analog
Digital
Uses electrical,
mechanical, hydraulic
quantities to solve a
problem.
 Do not have the ability
to store data in large
quantities.
 Process measured data
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Analog v. digital
Represent changing
quantities incrementally
as and when their
values change
 Do have the ability to
store data in large
quantities.
 Process discrete data
(digits)