Transcript Software - ctcgroupm

By
Conroy Hall
Dip. Ed.; B.Sc.; M.Sc.; Met.
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What is a Computer
Computer Hardware
Examples of Computer Hardware
Computer Software
Computer Input Devices
Computer Output Devices
General Understanding of how your computer
works
Basic Computer Quiz
Answers to Basic Computer Quiz
Basic Computer Terms and Definitions
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A device that computes,
especially a programmable
electronic machine that
performs high-speed
mathematical or logical
operations or that
assembles, stores,
correlates, or otherwise
processes information.
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1.
Computer
Hardware
2.
Computer Software
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Computer Hardware is the
physical part of the computer
system, the machinery and
equipment.
Parts of the computer “you can
see”
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Monitor: T.V. like screen used to show pictures and
words
CPU: Central Processing Unit this is where most of
the computer’s calculations take place. In terms of
computing power, the CPU is the most important
element of a computing system.
Keyboard: This device is used to type
information into the computer and contains the
numbers 0-9.
Click Here for more Examples
Mouse: a small device, which you move across the top of
the desk to move the pointer or cursor on the screen.
Printer: used to make a paper copy of the information
into the computer.
Image Scanner: an electronic device that generates a
digital representation of an image for data input to a
computer
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Computer Software are programs that tell the
computer what to do.
Examples
Microsoft Word-word processing program
Microsoft PowerPoint-presentation program
Microsoft Excel-work book program used to
track, calculate, and analyze numeric data
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Computer Devices that input information in
the computer
Examples
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Key Board
Mouse
Scanner
Digital Camera
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Computer Devices that output information
from the computer.
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Examples
Monitor
Printer
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Overview
To understand anything it helps to break it down into it's basic
components. Then you need to know how each component works.
Finally you look at how all the components work together to achieve
the desired end product or result.
Motherboard
It is the main circuit board inside the CPU case. It holds the
microprocessor, memory and other crucial circuits and components
that control the operation of the Personal Computer. Every device
inside or connected to a Personal Computer finds it's way to this
board.
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Memory
The mother board takes the input you give it like mouse clicks,
and produces output for you like displaying or printing a file. It
can't do this without memory. The PC operating system used by
the PC is copied from storage to memory at power up. The OS
copy in memory then runs the PC. Memory is volatile which
means that when your PC is turned off the contents of memory
are lost. It is completely blank and must reloaded each time the
PC is powered up.
Storage
Storage is non-volatile which means it retains information even
when it is powered off. It stores programs which run the PC as
well as data, which is a digital form of everything you use like
documents, music, pictures, etc
Input Devices
The keyboard and mouse are the main input devices you use to
control your PC.
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Output Devices
When you send inputs into the PC, it processes them and produces
useful output for you. The primary output devices are the video
display, printer and speakers.
Software
Some people want to use the power of their computer to create
works of art, others want to create music, or play games, surf the
web, or play the stock market. Whatever you want to do with your
computer, software is the key to doing it.
What happens when your PC is powered on?
With a simple push of a button, your computer comes to life.
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Identifying PC parts and their
functions.
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Personal Computers (PCs) and PC-based
equipment are based on common hardware.
Here we’ll examine common hardware
components.
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Visible to the end-user
Required for the PC to function
Consist of
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Case
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
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The case is the “box” that holds the internal
components of the PC. It protects those
delicate components from dust and debris.
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The monitor is the main output component
used on a PC. It’s where the computer is
able to show you what it, and you, are
doing.
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The keyboard is the main input device you
use with a computer or PC-based
equipment.
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On any PC that uses graphics (pictures), a
mouse is an essential input device that
allows you to control the PC.
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Remember the case? We said it contained
internal components.
Internal components are the parts of the
computer that do most of the work, though
they are behind the scenes.
Understanding their basic functions is
important to understanding the PC as a whole.
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Motherboard
CPU
Drives
Expansion cards
Memory
Power supply
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The motherboard (main board, system
board) is a large circuit board which all
other PC components connect to in some
way.
Motherboard
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The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the
brain of the PC. All work done by the PC
involves the CPU in some way. The CPU
plugs into the motherboard.
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There are many kinds of drives in a computer:
CDROM drives, hard drives, floppy drives, ZIP
drives, tape drives, pen drives. The basic function
of all drives is to store information (more on this
later).
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Random Access Memory (RAM) is memory that the
CPU uses when performing its tasks.
RAM consists of chips that plug into the
motherboard.
In general, the more RAM you have, the better.
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Expansion cards are circuit boards that plug
into the motherboard to expand its
capabilities. Sound cards are an example.
One required expansion card is the video
card, which connects to the monitor.
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Normally an expansion card, but sometimes
built into the motherboard (integrated), the
video card has 15 holes, in three rows of
five.
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The power supply is crucial to the PC. It converts
power from the wall outlet into power the PC can
use. It powers all internal components, including
the motherboard and drives.
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In industry, non-integrated PCs must connect
to external machines, such as:
CNC machines
 Automobiles
 Robotic devices
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These connections are made via
communication ports.
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Common communication ports are:
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Keyboard
Mouse
Serial
Parallel
Modem
Network Interface Card (NIC)
USB
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Barcode readers often attach to keyboard
ports.
Keyboard ports appear in DIN5 and PS/2 or
Mini-DIN6 (below).
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Some input devices connect via a mouse port.
Common mouse ports are PS/2 (Mini-DIN6) on the
left and serial (9 pin male) on the right.
Don’t connect a mouse-port device to a keyboard
port.
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Serial ports are fairly slow ports that can transmit
data over a long distance (hundreds of feet).
Serial ports are either 9 or 25 pin.
Serial ports are male (plugs) on the PC.
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Parallel ports are normally used for output
to printing devices.
Parallel ports are 25 pin female (socket) on
the PC.
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Modems are normally expansion cards that
contain two phone jacks.
They communicate via phone lines to
remote devices.
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NICs are expansion cards that connect PC devices
to networks via special network cable.
Many connections to external machines are now
made via NICs, which normally have one port.
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A popular technology to connect to external devices
is USB, which can support 127 devices.
USB will eventually replace keyboard, serial, and
parallel ports.
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Parallel is normally used for output only.
Keyboard and mouse ports are normally input
only.
Serial, NIC, Modem and USB are bi-directional
(input and output).
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Storage is easiest to think of in terms of primary
and secondary.
Primary storage is used by the CPU. The
primary example is RAM. Primary loses
information without power.
Secondary devices can store data without
power. Drives are the main secondary storage
devices.
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RAM stores information that is currently
active.
Information in RAM must be saved to
secondary storage or it will be lost when power
is removed.
Secondary storage keeps data unless the user
removes it (or the device fails).
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RAM stands for Random Access Memory
RAM changes constantly as the CPU needs
different items in memory based on the user’s
requests.
RAM is lost when power is removed.
•ROM stands for Read Only Memory
•ROM does not change.
•ROM is not lost when the power is
removed from a PC.
•ROM stores key instructions that
the computer needs to boot up and
operate.
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The PC consists of common external and
internal components.
Each component has a specific task.
Communication ports connect to external
devices.
Storage devices are classified and primary or
secondary.
Check out www.pctechguide.com
Software: Systems and
Applications Software
High
Software
$
Hardware
Low
1950
time
today
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Systems software
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Set of programs that coordinates activities and
functions of the hardware and various other
programs
Application software
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Programs that help users solve particular computing
problems
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Personal
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Workgroup
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Information systems that serve the needs of an
individual user
Two or more people who work together to achieve a
common goal
Enterprise
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Information systems that support the firm in its
interaction with its environment.
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Software licensing
 Protection by software vendors to prevent
unauthorized use
Software upgrades
 A revised version of software that usually includes
fixes of known problems, plus enhancements to
existing capabilities
Global software support
 Software that is distributed around the globe may
require unique support mechanisms due to local
political and economic conditions
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Freeware
Shareware
Public-domain software
Copyrighted software given away for free by the author.
Although it
is available for free, the author retains the copyright, which
means
that you cannot do anything with it that is not expressly
allowed by
the author. Usually, the author allows people to use the
software,
but not sell it.
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Freeware
Shareware
Public-domain software
Software distributed on the basis of an honor system. Most
shareware is delivered free of charge, but the author usually
requests that you pay a small fee if you like the program and use it
regularly. By sending the small fee, you become registered with the
producer so that you can receive service assistance and updates.
You can copy shareware and pass it along to friends and colleagues,
but they too are expected to pay a fee if they use the product.
Shareware is inexpensive because it is usually produced by a single
programmer and is offered directly to customers. Thus, there are
practically no packaging or advertising expenses.
Note that shareware differs from public-domain software in
that
shareware is copyrighted. This means that you cannot sell a
shareware product as your own.
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Freeware
Shareware
Public-domain software
Refers to any program that is not copyrighted. Publicdomain
software is free and can be used without restrictions. The
term
public-domain software is often used incorrectly to include
freeware, free software that is nevertheless copyrighted.
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System software…
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Is an interface or buffer between application
software and hardware
Controls the computer hardware and acts as an
interface with applications programs
Schematic
Application
software
Operating
and
systems
software
Users
Hardware
Perform common computer hardware functions
 Provide a user interface
 Provide a degree of hardware independence
 Manage system memory
 Manage processing tasks
 Provide networking capability
 Control access to system resources
 Manage files
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User interface
 A function of the operating system that allows individuals to
access and command the computer
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Command-based user interface
 A particular user interface that requires text commands be
given to the computer to perform basic activities
 E.g., unix, DOS
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Graphical user interface (GUI)
 A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus
displayed on the screen to send commands to the computer
system
 E.g. Windows, MAC OS
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Hardware independence
Operating system (OS) provides hardware
independence for application software
 Application software interfaces with the operating
system which interfaces with the hardware
 When the hardware is changed, the operating
system is changed so that the application software is
not required to be changed
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Memory management
Virtual memory & paging
Multitasking
Multithreading
Timesharing
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Memory management…
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Controls how memory is accessed and maximizes
available memory and storage
Schematic
Application Software
What is the
price of
TIBA35
(TIBA35$)
OS
Fetch
TIBA35$
from hard
disk, track 1,
sector 7
TIBA35$
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Memory management
Virtual memory & paging
Multitasking
Multithreading
Timesharing
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Virtual memory
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Memory that allocates space in secondary storage to
supplement the immediate, functional memory
capacity of RAM
Paging
 A function of virtual memory allowing the computer to
store currently needed pages in RAM while the rest of
the pages wait in secondary storage
Schematic
Memory
Disk
Program 1 (a few pages)
Program 2 (a few pages)
Program 3 (a few pages)
Program 4 (a few pages)
Program 5 (a few pages)
Program 6 (a few pages)
Other memory requirements
Operating
system and
system
software
Programs
and other
software
An imaginary memory area supported by some operating systems
(for example, Windows but not DOS) in conjunction with the
hardware. You can think of virtual memory as an alternate set of
memory addresses. Programs use these virtual addresses rather
than real addresses to store instructions and data. When the
program is actually executed, the virtual addresses are converted
into real memory addresses.
The purpose of virtual memory is to enlarge the address space, the
set of addresses a program can utilize. For example, virtual memory
might contain twice as many addresses as main memory. A
program
using all of virtual memory, therefore, would not be able to fit in
main memory all at once. Nevertheless, the computer could execute
such a program by copying into main memory those portions of the
program needed at any given point during execution.
To facilitate copying virtual memory into real memory, the
operating
system divides virtual memory into pages, each of which contains a
fixed number of addresses. Each page is stored on a disk until it is
needed. When the page is needed, the operating system copies it
from disk to main memory, translating the virtual addresses
into real
addresses.
The process of translating virtual addresses into real
addresses is
called mapping. The copying of virtual pages from disk to
main
memory is known as paging or swapping.
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Memory management
Virtual memory & paging
Multitasking
Multithreading
Time-sharing
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Multitasking
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Multithreading
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A processing activity that allows a user to run more
than one application at the same time
A processing activity that is basically multitasking
within a single application
Time-sharing
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A processing activity that allows more than one
person to use a computer system at the same time
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Network capability
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Access to system resources
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Aids in connecting the computer to a network
Provides security for unauthorized access
File management
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Ensures that files in secondary storage are available
when needed, and they are protected against
unauthorized usage
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Utility programs…
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Programs used to merge and sort sets of data, keep
track of computer jobs being run, compress files of
data before they are stored or transmitted over a
network, and perform other important tasks
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Proprietary
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In-house
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Development of application software using the
company’s resources
Contract
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Designed to solve a unique and specific problem
Developed for a particular company
Off-the-shelf
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An existing software program that can be used
without considerable changes expected
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Customized package
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Blend of external and internal software development
 In-house customized
 Contract customization
Schematic
Applicatio
n software
Off-theshelf
software
Proprietary
software
In-house
developed
Customized
package
Contract
In-house
customized
Contract
customization
Standard
package
Turbo Tax
Provides automated
assistance for tax
preparation and
submission.
(Figure 4.6)
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Quicken
An off-the-shelf
software package that
provides assistance for
standard check writing
and personal
accounting.
(Figure 4.7)
25
Word Processing
Provides
assistance in
formulating,
formatting, and
printing
documents such as
letters, memos,
and papers.
(Figure 4.8)
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Spreadsheet
Provides a wide
range of built-in
functions for
statistical, financial,
logical, database,
graphics, and data
and time
calculations.
(Figure 4.9)
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Database
Stores, manipulates,
and retrieves data.
(Figure 4.10)
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Graphics Program
Helps make a
presentation;
develops brochures,
illustrations, etc.
Usually called
Presentation
Graphics
On-Line Services
Provide access to
various information
resources.
(Figure 4.12)
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Software Suite
Collection of personal
productivity software
such as word processor,
spreadsheet, and
database.
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OLE = Object Linking and Embedding
A software feature that allows you to copy text from
one document to another or embed graphics from
one program into another program or document
 Server Application
 The application that supplies objects you place into
other applications
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Client application
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The application that accepts objects from other
applications
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Copy
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Link
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Copy data from one application and place it in
another
Changes made to the server object to automatically
appear in all linked client objects
Embed
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An object to become part of the client document
Schematic
Graphics Program
Server Application
Client Application
Word Processing Program
Team photo
Copy
Spreadsheet
Program
Server Application
Actual vs. Budget
-------------------------------------Team photo
Actual vs. budget
Link
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- - - - --- --- --- --- --- --- --
Project
Management
Program
Server Application
Chart
==== == ==
== == == =
=== == ==
==== ==== =
Chart
------------------- --------
Embed
Abbreviation for Object Linking and Embedding, pronounced as
separate letters or as oh-leh. OLE is a compound document
standard developed by Microsoft Corporation. It enables you to
create objects with one application and then link or embed them in
a
second application. Embedded objects retain their original format
and links to the application that created them.
Support for OLE is built into the Windows and Macintosh
operating
systems. A competing compound document standard developed
jointly by IBM, Apple Computer, and other computer firms is
called
OpenDoc.
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Groupware
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Software that helps groups of people work together
more efficiently and effectively
Collaborative computing software
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Software that helps teams of people work together
toward a common goal
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Enterprise application software…
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Software that benefits the entire organization
Examples
Accounts receivable
Accounts payable
Cash-flow analysis
Manufacturing control
General Ledger
Sales ordering
Order entry
Check processing
Receiving
Retail Operations
Integrated
Supply
Chain
Management
Software
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)…
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A set of integrated programs that manage a
company’s vital business operations for an entire
multi-site, global organization
Vendor examples
SAP
Oracle
PeopleSoft
Dun & Bradstreet
JD Edwards
Baan
SSA
Marcam
QAD
Ross Systems
Short for enterprise resource planning, a business
management
system that integrates all facets of the business, including
planning,
manufacturing, sales, and marketing. As the ERP
methodology has
become more popular, software applications have emerged to
help
business managers implement ERP.
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Programming languages…
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Coding schemes used to write both systems and
application software
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Machine Language
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1st generation programming language
Considered a low-level language because it involves
basic coding using the binary symbols 1 and 0
Assembly Language
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2nd generation language
Replaced binary digits with mnemonics (e.g.,
“ADD”) programmers could more easily understand
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Third Generation Languages
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Continued trend to more symbolic code (e.g.
COBOL)
Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs)

Languages that are less procedural and even more
English-like than third-generation languages (e.g.
FOCUS)
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Query languages
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Used to ask the computer questions in English-like
sentences
Also known as database languages
Structured query language (SQL)

A standardized language often used to perform
database queries and manipulations
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Object-oriented languages (OOL)
 Languages that allow interaction of programming objects,
including data elements and the actions that will be
performed on them
 Note: OOP = object-oriented programming
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Encapsulation
 The process of grouping items into an object

Polymorphism
 A process allowing the programmer to develop one routine
or set of activities that will operate on multiple objects

Inheritance
 Property used to describe objects in a group of objects taking
on characteristics of other objects in the same group or class
of objects

Reusable code
 The instruction code within an object that can be reused in
different programs for a variety of applications

Examples
 Smalltalk, C++, Java
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Visual programming languages…

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Languages that use a mouse, icons, or symbols on
the screen and pull-down menus to develop
programs
Examples
 Visual Basic
 Visual C++
 PC COBOL
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5th generation languages…


Combines rule-based code generation, component
management, visual programming techniques, and
reuse management
Knowledge-based management
 An approach to the development of computer
programs in which you do not tell a computer how to
do a job, but what you want it to do
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Language translator
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Source code

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Systems software that converts a programmer’s
source code into its equivalent in machine language
High-level program code written by the programmer
Object code

Another name for machine language code

Interpreter

A language translator that translates one
program statement at a time into machine code
Program
statement
Interpreter
Machine
language
statement
Statement
execution

Compiler

A language translator that converts a complete
program into machine language to produce a
program that the computer can process in its entirety
Schematic
Step 1: Translate program
Computer
program
Compiler
Step 2: Execute program
Machine
language
program
Program
execution
Machine
language
program
1.
What is Computer Hardware?
2.
What is Computer Software?
3.
Can you operate a Computer with out the Computer Software?
4.
How can Computer Software help your business?
5.
What are Computer Input devices?
6.
What are Computer Output devices?
7.
Where is the Mother Board located?
8.
Name a couple of Computer Software.
9.
Define Internet
10.
How would the Internet help your business?
Go Back to the Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Computer Hardware is the physical part of the computer system, the
machinery and equipment. For example: Monitor, Key Board, Printer and
more.
Computer Software are programs that tell the computer what to do. For
Example: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint and more.
No. You need Computer Software to operate a computer, with out the
computer software the computer will be nothing more than just computer
hardware.
There are computer software that can help your business, for example,
Accounting software can help you do taxes and pay roll faster than by
hand. The computer soft ware will calculate numbers for you.
Input Computer Devices are computer devices that input information into
the computer for example, the mouse, keyboard and scanner.
Output Computer Devices are computer devices that output information
from the computer like the printer and the monitor.
Mother Board is the main circuit board inside the CPU case. It holds the
microprocessor, memory and other crucial circuits and components that
control the operation of the Personal Computer.