Transcript Basic Computer Concepts - MDC Faculty Home Pages

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Chapter 1
Basic Computer Concepts
Objectives
1. Define Computer and Identify the Four Basic
Computing Functions
2. Identify the Different Types of Computers
3. Describe Hardware Devices and Their Uses
4. Identify Types of Software and Their Uses
5. Describe Networks and Define Network Terms
6. Identify Safe Computing Practices
Define Computer and Identify the
Four Basic Computing Functions
• Computer
– A programmable electronic device that can input, process, output, and store data.
– Components of a typical computer system
Types of Computers
Identify the Different Types of
Computers
• Mainframe computers
• Manage users through multitasking
• Supercomputers
– Large, powerful and ultrafast
– Process scientific calculations and multiscale simulations
• Mid-range computers
Microcomputers
Mac
Laptop/notebook
Tablet
Smartphone
Desktop
Tablet
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Hardware
– A computer and any connected equipment
• System Unit
– Houses internal components
– Provides connection sites for peripheral
devices
• Peripheral devices provide input and output
The System Unit
THE PHYSICAL CASE
Power supply
Processor and
cooling fan
Expansion
cards
Drive
bays
Inside the System Unit
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Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• System Board or Mother Board
What’s on the Motherboard?
Drive Controller & Interfaces
CONNECTS DISK DRIVES TO THE PROCESSOR
SATA cable
EIDE cable
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– The brain of the computer that executes
programs and manipulates data
– Many different types
Manufacturers
• Intel
– Core i3, i5, i7 (Duo or Quad)
– Core Duo, Quad
– Pentium – Basic computing
• Single processor
– Celeron – entry level computing
– Centrino, Centrino 2 - mobile
• AMD
– Athlon
• XP, 64, 64 X2,
• Phenom, Phenom II, A6, A10
What’s on the Motherboard?
• Multi-core processing
– Access time reduced
– Processing time improved
– Each core handles incoming streams of data or
instructions at the same time
– Two basic types:
• Dual core
• Quad core
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What’s on the Motherboard?
• System clock
o Electronic circuit that produces rapid pulses and
coordinates the computer’s internal activities.
o Clock speed—measurement of the electrical pulses
generated by the system clock, usually measured in
gigahertz (GHz)
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Memory
– Measured in bytes
• megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB)
– ROM: permanent and nonvolatile
– RAM: temporary and volatile
What’s on the Motherboard?
• RAM
– Types of RAM:
• Dual inline memory modules (DIMM)—
most common today
– 168-pin connector
– 64-bit transfer rate
• Single inline memory modules (SIMM)—
older technology
– 72-pin connector
– 32-bit transfer rate
Memory (RAM)
What’s on the Motherboard?
• Read-only memory (ROM)
– Contains prerecorded instructions to start the computer
– Nonvolatile—contents stored when CPU power off
• Basic input/output system (BIOS)
– First code run when the system is powered on
• Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
(CMOS)
– Starts the power-on self-test and verifies other system
components are operating correctly
• Power-on self-test (POST)
– Checks circuitry and RAM, marking defective locations
• Bootstrap loader
– Program—locates and loads the operating system into RAM
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
Connectors on a notebook may vary
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Input Devices
– Used to enter data into memory (RAM).
– Two most familiar:
• Mouse
• Keyboard
Recognize Input Devices
Mobile Devices Equipped with Keyboard Options
Recognize Input Devices
• Pointing devices
Input Devices: Giving Commands
• Keyboards
– Connect with:
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector
• PS/2 cable
• Infrared
• Radio frequency
• Bluetooth
Input Devices: Giving Commands
• Mice
– Optical—most popular pointing device
– Travel—all the capabilities of a normal mouse, half
the size
– Wheel—has a wheel for easy vertical scrolling
– Wireless—connects through an infrared or radio
signal (RF)
– Air—does not need to work on a surface, works as it
moves through the air
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Output Devices: displays information
after data has been processed in a useful
format.
– Monitors
– Printers
– Speakers and multimedia projectors
Output Devices: Engaging Our Senses
• Monitors
– Display a temporary copy (soft copy) of
processed data
– LCD (flat-panel) display
– LED (light emitting diode)
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
Output Devices: Engaging Our Senses
• Printers
– Supply a hard copy of output displayed on a
computer’s monitor
– Types include:
• Dot-matrix
• Inkjet
• Laser
• Thermal-transfer (sometimes called dye
sublimation printers)
• Photo
• Plotters
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Output Devices: printers
Objective 3: Hardware Devices and
Their Uses
• Storage Devices
– Used to store data, information, and
programs for future use.
– Permanent memory
– Storage device versus storage media
• Device – hardware such as hard drives or DVD
drives
• Media – removable part that actually contains the
stored data
Objective 3: Hardware Devices and
Their Uses
– Data is stored in one of three forms:
• Magnetic
• Optical
• Flash
Methods for Storing Data
• Many types of recording media
System Unit
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Hard disk drive
– 200GB to 3TB
– 300GB – 500GB good range
– 5400 rpm vs. 7200 rpm
– Solid state (no moving parts)
• CD, DVD, BD (Blu-ray) drives
– CD – 700MB – 1 GB
– DVD – 4.7GB – 17GB
– BD – 25GB/50GB
Storage: Holding Data for Future Use
Hardware Devices and Their Uses
• Flash drives
– 2 GB – 64GB
• USB
– Hard drives
• Battery operated hard drive
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What’s on the Outside of the Box?
• Legacy technology
– Older technology that is being phased out
• Examples:
»
»
»
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Serial ports
Parallel ports
PS/2 ports
SCSI (small computer system interface) ports
Ports & Connectors
CONNECT PERIPHERALS TO THE MOTHERBOARD
Audio
Ethernet
FireWire
USB
Parallel
Standard
(VGA) video
PS/2
HDMI video
Ports & Connectors
CONNECT PERIPHERALS TO THE MOTHERBOARD
USB
FireWire
USB Hub
Ethernet
Protection
• Surge protectors
• UPS
Describe Hardware Devices and Their
Uses
• Evaluating Your System
– What kind of computer do you have?
• Computer > Properties
– Which operating system?
– How much memory?
– Drives and storage space?
Identify Types of Software and Their
Uses
• System Software
– Contains two main programs:
• Operating System
– Manages hardware components
• Utility programs
– Small applications that handle tasks involved with
management and maintenance of a system.
Identify Types of Software and Their
Uses
• Operating System
– Communicates with the computer and its
peripherals
• Includes the user interface
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
– Icons
– Menus
– Dialog boxes
– Windows
– contains the directions needed to start up the
computer (known as the boot process)
Identify Types of Software and Their
Uses
• Windows Operating System
– Windows XP
– Windows Vista
– Windows 7
– Windows 8
• Linux
• Mac
Utility Programs
Identify Types of Software and Their
Uses
• Application Software
– Programs created to perform a specific task
or solve a specific need
– Fall into one of several categories
•
•
•
•
•
•
Financial and business
Graphics and multimedia
Educational and reference
Entertainment
Communication
Productivity software
Identify Types of Software and Their
Uses
– Productivity software
• Word processing
• Spreadsheet
• Database
• Presentation
• Communication
Describe Networks and Define
Network Terms
• Networks
– Consist of two or more connected computers
plus peripheral devices
– Allow users to share data, software, and
resources
– Each object connected to a network is a node
– Topology
– Servers
Describe Networks and Define
Network Terms
• LAN
– A network that connects computers reasonably close
together
• WAN
– A network that covers a geographic area or begins to
include other networks
Describe Networks and Define
Network Terms
• Network configurations
– Peer-to-peer
• Most commonly found in homes and businesses
• Each node communicates with every other node without a dedicated
server among computers.
– Client/Server
• Typically have two different types of computers
– The client: used by an individual
– The server: used by network technicians and
administrators to manage network resources
Network Servers
• Domain Controller
– Domain – used to group users and computers
•
•
•
•
File Server
Print Server
Web Server
E-mail Server
Describe Networks and Define
Network Terms
• Network topologies – describes the
different types of network architecture
used for client/server networks.
– Bus topologies – connects each node to a single, central high-speed line
known as a bus.
– Ring topologies – connects each node to the next, forming a loop.
– Star topologies – connects each node to a special device known as a
.
switch
Describe Networks and Define
Network Terms
• Network topologies
Identify Safe Computing Practices
• Computer Maintenance
– Establish a regular maintenance routine
• Backup utilities
• Disk Cleanup
• Disk Defragmenter
• Task Scheduler
• System Restore
Identify Safe Computing Practices
• Viruses/Malware
– Malicious codes or software
• Worms
– Malicious programs that spread from computer
to computer
• Trojan horses
– Often appear to be a desirable software program
• Phishing
Identify Safe Computing Practices
• Spyware
– Captures information on a computer
– Usually not intended to harm a computer
• Adware
• Cookies
• Key loggers
• Social Engineering
Identify Safe Computing Practices
• Protecting Yourself and Your Computer
– Software updates and patches
– Antivirus/Antispyware software
• Finds and removes viruses and spyware
• Personal firewalls
– Software programs or hardware devices
• Can make computers invisible to hackers
Identify Safe Computing Practices
• What else should you do to be safe online?
– Do not give our personal information
– Avoid spam email and phishing attacks
• Phishing is an email that masquerades as authentic organizations and
ask for personal information
– Check for hoaxes and scams online
– When in doubt, always check
Updates and Firewall