Transcript Red Shift - TeacherWeb

Space, Big Bang, Galaxies
and Stars Review
2013 V3
66 Slides
I hope you like it. 
1. Astronomy
The study of Planets, Stars Galaxies and Nebulae
http://www.ceo.wa.edu.au/home/carey.peter/astronomy.jpg
2. Cosmology
Cosmology is the study of the origin of the universe
Carl Sagan wrote books and TV shows about it.
http://www.wired.com/geekdad/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/carl_sagan.jpg
3. Geocentric Perspective
In 400 BC, Aristotle thought the Earth was the center of the universe
http://space.about.com/od/astronomerbiographies/a/aristotlebio.htm
4. Heliocentric Perspective
In 1543, Nicholas
Copernicus was the
first to say the sun
not the Earth was in
the center of the
solar system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg
5. Variable speed Elliptical Orbits
In 1610,
Johannes Kepler
was the first to say
the planets travel
in variable speed,
elliptical, not circular
orbits.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
6. Gravity
• In 1687 Sir Isaak
Newton described
Gravity
• The most important
force in astronomy
students.umf.maine.edu
7. The First Telescope
In 1611 Galileo invented the first
telescope by putting 2 lenses in a tube.
http://cnx.org/content/m11932/latest/
8. Stars are farther away from Earth
than the planets.
Stars are larger than planets but the planets look larger
because the stars are farther away.
http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2007/01/stars-planets-scale-comparison.html
9. Three Telescope Types
Optical telescopes detect visible light.
Radio telescopes detect Radio Waves.
Telescopes in orbit around planet Earth.
10. Data about Stars
Astronomers get data about stars from telescopes like
Mount Wilson observatory and and space probes like NASA’s IBEX
Interstellar Boundary Explorer
60 inch Telescope
That Hubble used in 1926
Mount Wilson Observatory
http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/01/31/nasa-probediscovers-alien-matter-from-beyond-our-solar-system/ CHARA
Interferometer Array
http://www.mtwilson.edu/
11. Edwin Hubble 1926
•
•
•
•
First to see the Andromeda galaxy
First to say the universe is larger than just the Milky way
First to discover the Red Shift
First to suggest that the universe is expanding
http://www.edwinhubble.com/
http://www.mtwilson.edu/
12. Big Bang Theory
Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use
the term “Big Bang in 1949”
Hoyle did not believe in the
Big Bang theory.
He believed in the Steady
State
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle
13. LeMaitre and Einstein
Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first
to say that the universe began as a point of pure energy
and expanded in all directions.
http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that
expanded out in all directions
14. Evidence of the Big Bang
• Red Shift
• Cosmic background radiation
15a. Red Shift
• Red shift is the apparent change in the frequency of star light.
• Red shift shows the direction the star is moving.
• Red shift shows stars are moving away from
Earth and from each other.
Earth
*
15b. Red Shift
Red shifted
light from
a source
moving away
from the
Observer.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png
Light from
a source
that is
not moving.
Red shifted
light from
a source
that is
moving
way from
the
observer.
16. Blue Shift
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png
Blue shifted
light from
a source
moving
towards the
Observer.
17. Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is the apparent (not real) change in the wavelength
of sound or light due to the movement of the source or observer.
Blue shift
Red Shift
Red Shift and Blue shift are examples of the Doppler effect
http://physics.syr.edu/courses/CCD_NEW/seti/tutorial/measure/part8.html
18. Cosmic Background Radiation
• In 1965 Wilson and
Penzias of Bell Labs
discovered a faint
energy coming from
space where there
are no stars.
http://www.bell-labs.com/history/laser/invention/cosmology.html
19. Cosmic Background Radiation
George Gamow laid the
foundations for research into the
formation of elements in a big
bang
Leftover energy from
the Big Bang?
http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ide
as/gamow.htm
http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/article/Discovery-of-the-Microwave-Background-Radiation
20. Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
The HST,
named after
Edwin Hubble,
is an optical
Telescope
in obit around
the Earth.
It was launched
In 1990.
http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/image.php?image=hst-above
21. A Light Year is a unit of distance.
• A light year is the distance light travels in one year
•
•
•
•
exactly 9,460,730,472,580.8 km
about 6 trillion miles
about 63,241.1 astronomical units
about 0.306601 parsecs
22. Light years measure galaxies.
• Light years are used to measure distances inside galaxies.
23. The Milky Way Galaxy.
The Milky Way Galaxy is 100,000 light years wide
24. Parallax Shift
Parallax shift is
used to measure
the distance
between galaxies.
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html
25. Parallax Shift Rule
The smaller the shift
the farther away the star.
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html
26. Stars in a Galaxy
Galaxies contain billons of stars.
Stars are
held in galaxies
by gravitational
forces.
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=milky+way+galaxy&btnG=Search
27. Galaxy Classification
Hubble was first to classify galaxies
by their shape:
Spiral
elliptical
http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html
irregular
28. Three Galaxy Shapes
Spiral
elliptical
http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html
irregular
29. The Milky Way Galaxy
• Spiral Shape
• Our Solar system is
2/3 of the way from
middle on 1 arm
I-------100,000 light years---------I
30. Interstellar Matter
• Atoms of gas
and dust that
exists between
stars.
• Interstellar
• Matter
http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/polaris-t.html
Slide 31 is blank
Slide 32 is blank
33. What comes from Stars?
Light and heat waves and
solar wind particles
Solar
flares
and the
solar
wind
The Earth’s
magnetic field
protects
the Earth
from the
solar wind.
http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/spaceweather/curriculum/107_Magnetic%20Configuration.pdf
34. Radiation
Solar energy
travels through
space to the earth
in waves called
radiation.
http://news.discovery.com/space/monster-waves-driving-suns-coronal-heating-110727.html
35. Supernova
At the end of the life of a super giant star, it explodes in
the largest bang the universe has to offer.
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/supernovae.html
36. Black Hole
A region in space with gravity so strong not even light can escape
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/blackhole.html
37. Big Bang
Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use
the term “Big Bang in 1949”
Even though he did not believe
in the Big Bang theory.
He believed in Steady State.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle
38. Big Bang Theory
About 14.7 Billion years ago,
The universe began
as a point of pure energy
that expanded
in all directions.
http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_lemaitre.html
38. LeMaitre and Einstein
Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first
to say that the universe began as a point of pure
energy and expanded in all directions.
http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that
expanded out in all directions
39. The Universe is 14.7 Billion Years Old
Modern astronomers estimate the age of
the universe to be 14.7 billion years old.
40.Nearest star to the sun
Proxima Centauri
is the nearest star
to the sun,
about 4.2
light years
away.
41. Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, one of the
most common types in the Milky way.
42a. Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, red stars
are old and cool.
42b. Star Life Cycles
• A star is born when fusion starts in the core.
• The life cycle depends on the mass of the star.
• Star life cycles are shown on the (HR) diagram.
The
Sun
Blue stars are young and hot
Yellow stars are middle aged and medium
Red stars are old and cooler
43. Nuclear Science
Nuclear science gets its name from the nucleus of the atom.
44. The symbol for Radiation
45. What does fusion mean?
Fusion means to make, or combine.
46. Where does fusion occur?
Fusion occurs in stars.
Fusion makes stars hot.
47. What is Fusion reaction?
H + H  He + energy
Fusion powers the stars
48. Where does Fission occur in nature?
Fission occurs inside planets.
Fission keeps planet earth hot.
49. What does unstable mean?
A large nucleus is said to be unstable when the strong nuclear force
cannot hold the protons and neutrons together.
http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/uranium/basics.html
50. Unstable metals
Unstable metals are radioactive, such as
Uranium and plutonium
http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200505/
proliferation/fuel_cycle.asp
Uranium ore at the Meghalaya mine, north east India
http://www.topnews.in/uranium-mining-may-startmeghalaya-mid2010-2251077
51. The Modern Atom Model
52. Alpha Decay
Alpha decay is when 2 protons and 2 neutrons
shoot out of the nucleus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
53. After Alpha Decay
• The atomic number goes down by 2
• Two protons shot out of the nucleus.
54. Beta Decay
One neutron turns into 1 proton and one electron.
The electron shoots out of the nucleus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
55. After Beta Decay
• The atomic number goes up by 1
• One neutron turns into 1 proton.
56. Gamma Radiation
Gamma Radiation is pure energy
shooting out of the nucleus.
Gamma decay does
not change the
the atomic number
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Decay.svg
57. Gamma Energy
• Gamma Radiation is the most energetic form
of electromagnetic radiation
58. Two uses of nuclear fission
by people
People use fission to make electricity and
nuclear bombs.
What is wrong with these pictures?
59. Radiation and Doctors
Doctors use radiation to look
into the body (x-rays).
Doctors use radiation to kill
cancer cells (radiation
therapy).
60. Radiation and Food
Large food distributers use radiation to
make food last longer. Irradiated food
has the “radura” symbol on the label.
61. Radiation and Archaeologists
Archaeologists are people who study ancient human
civilizations.
They use radioactive
carbon 14 testing to
determine the age of
bones and plant remains.
The end
I hope you liked it. 