Transcript Lecture 11 Microsoft Windows OS_rev2

Lecture 11
Microsoft Windows OS
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MS-DOS
The Microsoft version of DOS (MS-DOS) was built on an
OS called 86-DOS or Quick and Dirty Operating System
(QDOS).
Seattle Computer Products wrote QDOS to run on the Intel
8086 processor.
IBM utilized the 8088 processor, a less expensive version
in their new line of PCs.
Microsoft bought the rights to QDOS and released MSDOS in 1981.
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History of MS Windows
Microsoft released its first Windows product, Windows 1.0,
in 1985.
Windows 2.0 was released in 1987.
The earliest versions of Windows functioned as graphical
user interfaces that ran "on top" of the native OS, which
was called the Disk Operating System (DOS).
Windows was a shell that allowed the user to manage the
underlying DOS software.
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Microsoft Windows 3.x
Windows 3.0 (1990) Microsoft established its user
interface as a major force in the industry
Windows 3.1 /Windows 3.11 (1992)
The Windows 3.x shell provides a GUI and supports
cooperative multitasking, which enables users to run
more than one program simultaneously
Windows 3.x is a 16-bit operating that does not provide
the file security and built-in networking support
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (1993) to allow users to
share files with other desktop PCs in their workgroup
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Cooperative [互相配合] Multitasking
An environment in which programs share memory addresses and
exchange information
In a multitasked environment, applications share the use of the
processor by a method known as "time slicing"
The application programs are written to give up the processor after a
set amount of time so that other programs that are running
simultaneously can use it
If the program is poorly written, it might monopolize [獨佔] the
processor because one program crashes might bring the other
programs down.
E.g.
 Mac OS (Before 9.X, E.g. Mac OS 7.6)
 Netware (Up to 6.5)
 Windows 3.x
 Windows 9x, Windows NT (16-bit legacy applications)
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Preemptive [先控權] Multitasking
The operating system controls the allocation of processor
time, and 32-bit programs run in their own separate
address spaces (they cannot see each other in term of
memory space).
With preemptive multitasking, an unruly program cannot
take over the system, and if one program crashes, it does
not affect the others.
E.g.
 Mac OS 9.x
 Windows 9x and the Windows NT family (32-bit
applications)
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Windows 95
Windows 95a – The original release of the first Microsoft
32-bit desktop operating system.
Windows 95b – Also called OSR2 (OEM Service Release
2). It included enhancements such as FAT32 support but
was only made available to Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEM) for installation on the computers
they sold
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Windows 98
Windows 98 – An upgrade to Windows 95 that added the
Active Desktop technology, the Advanced Configuration
and Power Interface (ACPI), support for the Universal
Serial Bus (USB) and TV-tuner cards, and setup and
maintenance enhancements.
Windows 98 Second Edition (SE) – Provided the Internet
Explorer 5.0 web browser, stronger encryption for dialup
networking, and added support for Internet Connection
Sharing (ICS).
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Windows Millennium Edition (Windows ME)
Enhanced multimedia support, making it easy to work with
movies and digital photos
Built-in disaster recovery features (E.g. System Restore)
that enable you to restore the system to a predetermined
state
Simplification of the configuration required to set up
simple peer-to-peer networks
Faster startup and shutdown (when using new hardware
that supports the FastBoot technology)
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Windows NT and Windows 2000/2003
Target to meet the needs of a modern networked
environment
Windows NT ran on an entirely new kernel
It did not rely on the old DOS-related code that other
versions of Windows had been built on
improved file security, stability, networking, and 32-bit
support
new file system called NTFS
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Windows XP
First OS built on NT that directly targeted both home and
corporate, desktops
Windows XP home edition – Targeted for home users
Windows XP Professional Edition – Targeted for power
users and the corporate desktop
Windows .NET server – Targeted for servers as a NOS
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Features of WinXP
Fastboot technology - Windows XP uses a technique
similar to application-launch optimization to arrange bootup files as efficiently as possible, especially files used by
the operating system
Better file security and resource sharing
Support for multiple user accounts, remote administration
Numerous networking components and services
However, Microsoft has coded these OSs to allow only one
user at a time
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Windows Vista
Was released on July 22, 2005
Many changes and new features
 New graphical user interface
 Multimedia tools
 Security and Safety Improvements
 BitLocker
 Encryption
 User Account Control
 Backup and Restore
 Windows Defender
 Windows Security Center...
But high system requirements
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Windows 7
Was released on July 22, 2009
Full 64-bit support
Performance improvements
Redesigned Windows shell with a new taskbar
HomeGroup – more easy of file and printer sharing
Windows Touch – multi-touch support
Windows 7 editions
 Starter
 Home Premium
 Professional (XP mode, Domain Join, Backup and Restore)
 Ultimate (BitLocker, 35 languages)
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Windows Network Operating Systems
(Server)
Windows NT Server (Phase out)
Windows 2000 Server (Phase out)
Windows 2003 Server
Windows 2008 Server
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Domain
A group of computers and users that serves as a
boundary of administrative authority
Windows NT domains and Windows 2000/2003
domains interact with one another differently
Microsoft uses the term "domain controller" to
describe the logon authentication servers that hold a
copy of the security accounts database
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Windows 2000/2003
based on the NT kernel and includes many enhanced
features
supports Plug and Play technology
can be installed on hard disks which use FAT32 (NTFS is
recommended)
includes file encryption for securing data on the hard disk
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Plug and Play
a tool that allows an administrator to quickly and easily
add components to the system
The OS will automatically recognize and install the drivers
for the device
Once the component is "plugged" into the system, it will
"play" automatically without additional configuration from
the administrator
Previously, when a new component was added, drivers had
to be installed and the device needed to be configured
manually
Windows 2000/2003 comes with a huge database of
drivers for common Plug and Play devices
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Comparing Win 2K Family
NOS
Features
Usage
Win 2K
professional
Dual-processor support,
Limited server capabilities
Client
workstations,
small web
servers
Win 2K Server
Dual-processor support,
Small to
Expanded Server Capabilities, medium sized
Active Directory, SMP
organizations
Win 2K Advanced
Server
Full server capabilities,
increase hardware support
Large
organizations
Price
Least
Expensive
Most
Expensive
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Windows Server 2003 Editions
Windows Server 2003, Web Edition
Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition
Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition
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Web Edition
A stripped-down edition of Windows Server 2003
Designed specifically for Web Services
Allows customers to easily deploy Web pages, Web sites,
Web applications and Web services
Supported configuration
 2GB of RAM
 A two-way symmetric multiprocessor(SMP)
 10 in-bound server message block(SMB) connections
 Included Microsoft SQL server for up to 25 concurrent
connections
 NOT a internet gateway, DHCP or fax server
 NOT a terminal server, or Domain controller
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Standard Edition
A robust multipurpose server
Provides directory, file, print, application, multimedia and
web services for small to medium-sized businesses
Supported configuration:
 Up to 4GB of RAM
 Four way SMP
Included Microsoft SQL server that supports 5 concurrent
connections up to 2GB in size
Included a free Post Office Protocol(POP3) service, and
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) service
Included Network Load Balancing(NLB)
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Enterprise Edition
Designed to be a powerful server for medium to largesized businesses
Supported configuration
 Eight processors, 32GB RAM, 8-node clustering
 64-bit Itanium-based processor support
 with up to 64GB and 8-way SMP
Microsoft Metadirectory Services(MMS)
 Enables the integration of multiple directories,
databases and files with Active Directory
Hot Add memory (without reboot of downtime)
Windows System Resource Manager(WSRM)
 Supports CPU and memory allocation on perapplication basis
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Windows 2000/2003 Startup Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Power-on Self Test (POST)
Setup Instructions
Bootstrap loader process
Operating system selection (if the computer has a
multiple-boot configuration)
Hardware detection
Hardware configuration selection (if you are using more
than one hardware profile)
Kernel loading
Operating system logon process
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Windows 2000 Startup Files
File Name
Ntldr
Boot.ini
Bootsect.dos
Ntdetect.com
Hyberfil.sys
Ntbootdd.sys
Ntoskrnl.exe
Hal.dll
System key
Device drivers
Location
Root of startup disk
Root of startup disk
Root of startup disk (on multiple-boot systems)
Root of startup disk
%systemdrive%
Root of startup disk (for SCSI and some large IDE drives)
%systemroot%\System32
%systemroot%\System32
%systemroot%\System32\Config
%systemroot%\System32\Drivers
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Windows 2000/2003 Startup Files
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ntldr loads the operating system files from the boot
partition.
Boot.ini contains the list of available operating systems.
Ntdetect.com detects the hardware, gathers a list of the
currently installed hardware components, and passes the
information to Ntldr.
Ntoskrnl.exe is important part of the OS (Executive and
Kernel)
HAL.dll is Hardware Abstract Layer which is the
intermediate layer for control of hardware.
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Windows Registry
The purpose of the registry is as a database of configuration
settings in Windows 95/98/XP/NT/2000/2003.
The main component of the registry is the hardware installed
on the computer.
It is also includes device drivers, installed applications, and
network adapter card settings.
The registry contains a vast amount of data and is critical to
how the system operates.
There are six main components that access the registry and
store data:
 Device drivers, Setup programs , Setup programs,
Windows NT kernel, NTDETECT.COM, Hardware
profile
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Structure of the Registry
The Registry is a hierarchical structure similar to what you
see when looking at a directory/file tree on your computer.
You have a main key, with Keys, Subkeys and then
Values.
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Keys and Values
Keys - Keys are an organizational unit in the Registry. Keys
are containers that can either contain values or further subkeys.
Subkeys themselves, can contain further subkeys. Keys are
similar to folders in that they can contain further subkeys or the
file, or what we call values in the Registry.
Values - Values contain the actual data that is being stored in
a Key or a Subkey. There are quite a few different types of
values that can be stored in the Registry, but the most common
that you will see are binary, strings, and DWORD values.
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Where the Registry is stored
The Registry itself is stored on your computer in certain
files. Below we detail what files and their locations are
used to store the Registry based upon the particular version
of Windows.
For Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and
Windows Server 2003, the Registry files are stored in the
following directories:
 Systemroot\System32\Config
 Systemroot\Profiles\Username
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How to edit the Registry
In order to modify values in the Registry you need to use a
program called a Registry Editor.
Windows comes with a program called regedit.exe or
otherwise known as Registry Editor.
To launch this program you should click on the Start button,
then click on the Run option, and in the field type
regedit.exe and press the OK button. This will launch the
Registry Editor.
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How to edit the Registry
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Windows Services
It is used to define the background process for any
windows based applications.
Note  in previous technology applications windows
service is used to called as NT services.
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Windows Services
Microsoft Windows services, formerly known as NT
services, enable you to create long-running executable
applications that run in their own Windows sessions.
These services can be automatically started when the
computer boots, can be paused and restarted, and do not
show any user interface.
This makes services ideal for use on a server or whenever
you need long-running functionality that does not interfere
with other users who are working on the same computer.
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Internet Information Services (IIS)
Internet Information Services (IIS) - formerly called
Internet Information Server - is a set of Internet-based
services for servers created by Microsoft for use with
Microsoft Windows.
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Components in IIS (version 6.0/7.0)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server
 To transfer files between user and server
FrontPage 2000 Server Extensions
 Used by programs to transfer files to and from a Web
site
NNTP Service
 Used to create user forums
SMTP Service
World Wide Web Server
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Useful Windows Utilities
Task Manager
Device Manager
msconfig.exe
schtasks.exe
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Task Manager
The Windows XP Task Manager is a very handy system
utility that lists the applications and processes that are
running. It shows system resource usage, various
performance statistics and network information.
Applications, Processes, and Performance tabs are always
present
Networking tab is visible if the computer has a network
adapter
Users tab is shown only if Fast User Switching is enabled
Double-click in the Task Manager window for a strippeddown interface
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Task Manager – Status bar
Status bar at the bottom of the window displays
 Number of processes currently running
 Percentage of your CPU in use
 Current memory usage (Commit Charge)
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Task Manager - Performance tab
CPU Usage and PF Usage
graphs show % CPU and Page
File
 PF Usage is misleading – it
shows total amount ever
reserved, not amount in
current use
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msconfig.exe
“msconfig.exe” is used to control what programs and
services start with your computer.
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Device Manager
In Windows, the device manager keeps a listing of all the
hardware devices on your computer. It is the best tool to
use for troubleshooting hardware problems.
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Schtasks.exe
Schtasks.exe is a command line tool that is used to create,
modify, delete, query, run, and end a scheduled task on a
local or remote computer. It supports the following
parameters:
/Create: To create a new task
/Delete: To delete an existing task
/Query: To view task list
/Change: To change an existing task
/Run: To launch an existing task
/End: To stop a currently executing task
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Scheduled Tasks
With Scheduled Tasks, you can schedule any script,
program, or document to run at a time that is most
convenient for you. Scheduled Tasks starts every time that
you start Windows XP and runs in the background, and it
starts each task that you schedule at the time that you
specify when you create the task.
To open Scheduled Tasks, click Start, click All Programs,
point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click
Scheduled Tasks.
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