Transcript Research and Space

Space
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Space agencies
Programmatics
Science projects
Technical challenges
David Lumb, ESTEC. Study Scientist for ATHENA & XIPE. ESA Project Scientist for AstroH
Formerly worked in fields of X-ray detectors, X-ray and Gamma Ray Optics, FormationFlying satellites, Study Manager for Euclid
The Agencies
• Agencies do not
homogenously support
space research
• Different agendae, national
priorities and budget
scenarios
• National agencies like
CNES, DLR, ASI, UKSA, CSA
also work in national, bilateral and co-operative
programmes
• Additional sources,
including military, NOAA,
EUMETSAT, Telecomms.
and increasingly private
Agency
Formed Budget
( Bn€ )
NASA
1959
15
ESA
1975
4
ROSCOSMOS
1992
3
JAXA
2003
2
ISRO
1969
1
CNSA
1993
1
Cooperation and Competition
• COSPAR promotes scientific research in space at international level,
with emphasis on the free exchange of information & provides a
forum, for the discussion of problems that may affect space research
• Space is expensive, so to maintain broad coverage of all disciplines in
reasonable horizon calls for joint programmes
At < 1 mission/year 5 wavebands, 5-6 planets, magnetosphere,
solar physics this implies 1 opportunity per decade !
• Launch capability, technology domain expertise as well as local
priorities etc. define who does what
• Different funding schedules (e.g. NASA 1 year congressional approval
cycle) make planning difficult
• This contributed to reduced interest in pursuing large 50/50
programmes (who has management and oversight?)
SCIENCE & ROBOTIC EXPLORATION
ESA’S REMARKABLE PIONEERS OF
SCIENCE
• Hipparcos (1989–93) most
comprehensive star-mapper
• IUE (1978–96) longest-living
orbiting observatory
• Giotto (1986) closest ever flyby
of a comet nucleus
• Ulysses (1990–2008) first craft
to fly over Sun’s poles
• ISO (1995–8) first European
infrared observatory
• SMART-1 (2003–6) first
European mission to the Moon
HUYGENS
First landing on a world in
the outer Solar System
In 2005, ESA’s Huygens probe
made the most distant landing
ever, on Titan, the largest moon
of Saturn (about 1427 million km
from the Sun).
TODAY’S ESA SCIENCE MISSIONS (1)
•
XMM-Newton (1999– ) X-ray telescope
•
Cluster (2000– ) four spacecraft studying
the solar wind
•
Integral (2002– ) observing objects in
gamma and X-rays
•
Hubble (1990– ) orbiting observatory for
ultraviolet, visible and infrared astronomy
(with NASA)
•
SOHO (1995– ) studying our Sun and its
environment (with NASA)
TODAY’S ESA SCIENCE MISSIONS (2)
•
Mars Express (2003– ) studying Mars, its
moons and atmosphere from orbit
• Rosetta (2004– ) the first long-term
mission to study and land on a comet
• Venus Express (2005–2014) studying
Venus and its atmosphere from orbit
• Planck (2009– 2014) studying relic
radiation from the Big Bang
•
Herschel (2009– 2013) 3.5m dia IR and
sub-mm telescope, star formation, dust &
molecules
• Gaia (2013– ) mapping a thousand million
stars in our galaxy
UPCOMING ESA MISSIONS (1)
•
LISA Pathfinder (2015) testing
technologies for gravity wave
detection
•
BepiColombo (2017) a satellite duo
exploring Mercury (with JAXA)
•
Cheops (2017) studying exoplanets
around nearby bright stars
•
Solar Orbiter (2018) studying the
Sun from close range
COSMIC VISION
ESA’s long-term scientific programme is based on a vision. The
‘Cosmic Vision’ looks for answers to mankind's fundamental
questions:
 How did we get from the 'Big Bang' to where we are now?
 Where did life come from?
 Are we alone?
New challenging ESA
missions will see probes
at Jupiter and its moons,
studying exoplanets and
investigating dark matter
and dark energy.
UPCOMING MISSIONS (2)
•
James Webb Space Telescope (2018)
studying the very distant Universe (with
NASA/CSA)
•
Euclid (2020) probing ‘dark matter’, ‘dark
energy’ and the expanding Universe
•
JUICE (2022) studying the ocean-bearing
moons around Jupiter
•
Plato (2024) searching for planets around
distant stars
•
Athena (2028) space telescope for
studying the energetic Universe
ROBOTIC EXPLORATION
In cooperation with Roscosmos
(Russia), two ExoMars
missions (2016 and 2018) will
investigate the Martian
environment,
Particularly astro-biological
issues, and develop and
demonstrate new technologies
for planetary exploration with
the long-term view of a future
Mars sample return mission.
EXOMARS
ESA will provide the Trace Gas
Orbiter and the Entry, Descent
and Landing Demonstrator Module
in 2016, and the carrier and
ExoMars rover in 2018.
Roscosmos will be responsible for
the 2018 descent module and
surface platform, and will provide
launchers for both missions. Both
partners will supply scientific
instruments and will cooperate
closely in the scientific
exploitation of the missions.
Other Space Research Domains
Fundamental Physics – Gravitational waves,
Space Test Equivalence Principle, Alpha
Magnetic Spectrometer
Earth Observation – analogous to
remote sensing of other planets!
Telecommunications and Navigation
Space Situational Awareness (debris, cosmic impacts)
Security, GMES
Launchers
EARTH OBSERVATION
PIONEERS IN EARTH OBSERVATION
Meteosat (1977– ) ESA has been
dedicated to observing Earth from
space ever since the launch of its
first meteorological mission.
ERS-1 (1991–2000) and ERS-2
(1995–2011) providing a wealth of
invaluable data about Earth, its
climate and changing environment.
Envisat (2002–12) the largest
satellite ever built to monitor the
environment, it provided
continuous observation of Earth’s
surface, atmosphere, oceans and
ice caps.
EARTH EXPLORERS
Addressing critical and specific issues
raised by the science community, while
demonstrating latest observing
techniques:
• GOCE (2009–13) studying Earth’s gravity
field
• SMOS (2009– ) studying Earth’s water
cycle
• CryoSat-2 (2010– ) studying Earth’s ice
cover
• Swarm (2013– ) three satellites studying
Earth’s magnetic field
• ADM-Aeolus (2016) studying global
winds
• EarthCARE (2018) studying Earth’s
clouds, aerosols and radiation (ESA/JAXA)
• Biomass (2020– ) studying Earth’s
carbon cycle
METEOROLOGICAL MISSIONS
Next-generation missions dedicated to
weather and climate:
Meteosat Third Generation – taking
over from Meteosat 11 in 2018/20, the
last of four Meteosat Second Generation
(MSG) satellites. MSG and MTG are joint
projects between ESA and Eumetsat.
MetOp is a series of three satellites to
monitor climate and improve weather
forecasting, the space segment of
Eumetsat’s Polar System (EPS).
MetOp-A (2006– ) Europe’s first polarorbiting satellite dedicated to operational
meteorology.
MetOp-B launched in 2012. MetOp-C
follows in 2018.
GLOBAL MONITORING
FOR A SAFER WORLD
Copernicus: an Earth observation
programme for global monitoring for
environment and security.
Led by the European Commission in
partnership with ESA and the European
Environment Agency, and responding to
Europe’s need for geo-spatial information
services, it will provide autonomous and
independent access to information for
policy-makers, particularly for environment
and security issues. ESA is implementing the
space component: developing the Sentinel
satellite series, its ground segment and
coordinating data access.
ESA has started a Climate Change
Initiative, for storage, production and
assessment of essential climate data.
ESA Cosmic Visions
• Successor of Horizon 2000 Plus (GAIA, BepiColombo, JWST)
• Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 is the current cycle of ESA's long-term
planning for space science missions.
• Latest in a series of mechanisms for implementing ESA's science
missions; provides the stability needed for activities which
typically take over two decades to go from initial concept to the
production of scientific results.
Large Missions
1Bn€
JUICE – Jovian Moons 2022,
ATHENA – X-ray observatory 2028
Medium Missions
400-600M€
Small Missions
Solar Orbiter, Euclid (Dark Energy),
Plato (Exoplanets)
CHEOPS, SMILE, Missions Opportunity
Solar System Exploration
• Solar physics, influence of the sun on
environment and space weather
• Magnetospheric fields and interactions
with solar magnetic field
• History and construction of the solar
system
• Origin and evolution of moons
• Evolution of solar system (impact
history)
• Water distribution, sub-surface oceans
(Europa, Ganymede)
• Atmosphere runaway greenhouse effect
(Venus)
Astronomy from Space
Why observe from space?
• Absorption
The atmosphere opaque to all but some radio and light in the optical window.
(390 nm – 780 nm); IR suffers absorption from H2O and CO2 (21 µm to 1 mm);
UV absorbed by O3. Gas atoms and molecules absorb X-rays and γ-rays.
• Scattering
Scattering of light is strongest when the λ of the light is ~ diameter of the
scattering particles. Visible light more readily scattered by dust and mist than
IR. ( car headlights in fog ) Try experimenting with IR TV remote control with
water bag or chalk clouds
• Seeing
Variations in density of the atmosphere in a line of sight cause intensity
fluctuations. The variations in the refractive index of a cell of air above a
telescope will alter the apparent position of an object, normally over a range
of a few arcseconds. (distinguish between a star and a planet merely by
observing Stars “twinkle” more than the bright planets)
M31 – a different view
• Combined images from Herschel
and XMM-Newton offer a
comprehensive view of stellar
evolution in Andromeda galaxy.
• Highlights the stars that once
were, in the X-rays, and the stars
that will be, in the far-infrared
• Describes history of star
formation within Andromeda,
from the cold material where
stars are born all the way to the
remnants of stellar demises
which, in turn, influence the ISM
and contribute to shape the birth
of future generations of stars.
THE EUROPEAN LAUNCHER FAMILY
The launchers developed
by ESA guarantee
European access to space.
Their development is an
example of how space
challenges European
industry and provides
precious expertise.
Ariane is one of the most
successful launcher series
in the world, now
complemented by Vega
and Soyuz, launched from
Europe’s Spaceport in
French Guiana.
Launch
• Launch phase lasts only few hundred seconds but severe
environment, e.g.
• Axial acceleration from the rocket of several g
• Shock from separation of stages or fairing ~1000g @ ~1kHz
• Acoustic and temperature load via the thin fairing ~ 135 dB
• And ~100 C
• Rapid venting from pressure changes
But have to
analyse the
coupled
system of the
rocket and
payload
Mass is Critical
• $10 000 /kg to LEO
$ 20 000 / kg to GTO
• Science payload ~20% of the satellite
• For Mars landing, need to reduce velocity of
6km/s transfer, through an atmosphere 1% of
Earth’s – major limitation to mass that can
safely be landed
• JUICE – 100 kg science payload 1.8tonne dry
spacecraft 2.8 tonne propellant
Space Environment
• Thermal – irradiation of
1.4kWm-2 near Earth, dissipation
of payload power, eclipses in
LEO, operational power cycles
• Radiation – Solar flares or charged
particle belts, e.g. 100krads ionising
behind few mm Al
• Non-ionising displacement damage
(protons)
• Soft event upsets
• “Advanced” electronics susceptible !
Qualification and testing
• One-off payload designs for science instruments
• Component choices, environmental design, testing and
qualification
• Many review cycles and model phases
15
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18
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21
22
Phas
eB
Phase A
PRR
23
24
25
26
27
28
Opera
tions
Phase C/D
SRR
CDR
QR
FAR
• ESA payloads provided by additional Member State
funding and tendency to require high “Technology
Readiness Level” before mission is “adopted” to avoid
late costly design evolution
Processing Power
• LEON is a 32-bit CPU microprocessor core, based
on the SPARC-V8 RISC architecture
and instruction set. It was originally designed by
the European Space Research and Technology
Centre (ESTEC)
• 2009 LEON2-FT chip (0.2 micron process,
100MIPS / 20MFLOP) ran the flight computer of
ESA’s Proba-2 microsatellite, a technology
demonstration mission
• For comparison 1998/99 Pentium II/III desktop
CPU in terms of feature size and power
Data Operations
• Data transmission bandwidth limited (e.g.
Mars 100kbps > 1Gb/day)
• Rosetta – transmits 500W at 2.7Au: means we
receive ~10-23 W. With large dish and cryo
electronics detect ~fW so thousands times
weaker than mobile phone!
• 30kbps, so need careful planning of data use
by instrument suite (esp. for images etc..)
• Steerable antenna OR repoint the satellite
SCIENCE OPERATIONS
ESAC (near Madrid, Spain) is ESA’s
centre for science operations
ESAC hosts ESA’s Science Operation
Centre (SOC) for all ESA astronomy and
Solar System missions.
Science operations include the interface
with scientific users, mission planning,
payload operations and data acquisition,
processing, distribution and archiving.
The scientific archives for the majority
of ESA’s science missions are kept here
so that researchers have a single ‘entry
point’ for accessing the wealth of
scientific data.
Scheduling and Mission Planning
• Astronomy missions with up to kseconds
exposures can be planned easily in advance
(celestial viewing constraints)
Planetary Imaging
• Fly-by planetary operations
require robust autonomy –
planning for sequences of
targeted slewed pointings,
estimate data rates,
unknown orbital elements
• Transmission round trip
(Jupiter 1 hour @ closest)
• Cruise duration up to 8
years – how to keep skilled
operations team in place
Rosetta Challenges
• Low light level conditions – probe put into
hibernation
• Robust timer for “wake-up”
• Unknown comet mass and size – had to
learn how to navigate and “orbit”
• Unknown properties of comet surface for
landing (that’s why we go there!)
• Design and develop instruments for broad
science investigations with unknown target
properties
• Pre-planning safe spacecraft operations
months ahead is orthogonal to conducting
flexible science instrument activities
Philae Landing
In the shadow of a cliff?
Jupiter Icy Moons Mission - Insertion
• 2.8 tonnes
propellants
• Solar cells: cold
and intense
radiation, ~10-20
W m-2
• 72m2 of arrays
Jupiter Icy Moons Mission - Encounters
• Fly-by and
gravity assist
maneuvers
at Europa
and Callisto
Jupiter Icy Moons Mission - Inclination
• For final mission phase, pump up inclination
for high latitude observations by gravity assist
Technology Harmonisation Across
Research Domains
• There are attempts to harmonise approaches across
domains, and between ESA and member states
• Tends to be bureaucratic and slow to respond
• Comparing even optical and IR sensors between astronomy
and Earth Observation reveal huge difference in
requirements
• Dynamic ranges, temporal response,
• Earth Observations tending towards continued presence of
standard reference instrumentation set to utilise reference
baselines
• Science domains change in response to new paradigms
(e.g. Dark Energy, exo-planets)