Transcript Akacomp - DEP

BASICS OF COMPUTERS
Akash Khajuria
SIE Jammu
[email protected]
Introduction to Computers
A Desktop Machine
Introduction to Computers
A Computer System
 Hardware
User
 Software
 User
Software
Hardware
Introduction to Computers
A Computer System (Contd.)
 In general, a computer is a machine which
accepts data, processes it and returns new
information as output.
Processing
Data
Information
Introduction to Computers
Software
 Software is set of programs (which are step by
step instructions) telling the computer how to
process data.
 Software needs to be installed on a computer,
usually from a CD.
 Softwares can be divided into two groups:
- System SW
- Application SW
Introduction to Computers
Software
(Contd.)
System Software
 It controls the overall operation of the system.
 It is stored in the computer's memory and
instructs the computer to load, store, and
execute an application.
 Examples: Operating System (OS), Translators
DOS, Windows, Unix etc.
Introduction to Computers
Software
(Contd..)
Application Software
 They are Softwares written to perform specific
tasks.
 The basic types of application software are:
word processing, database, spreadsheet,
desktop publishing, and communication.
Examples: MSOffice, Tally, MSOutlook,
ISBS, MODBANKER BANKSOFT
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Advantages of Using Computers
 Speed: Computers can carry out instructions in less than a
millionth of a second.
 Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without
errors and very accurately.
 Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any task
given to them repetitively.
 Storage Capacity : Computers can store large volume
of data and information on magnetic media.
Introduction to Computers
History of Evolution Of Computers
Two Eras:
 Mechanical Era (Before 1945)
 Electronic Era (1945 - )
Can be divided into generations.




First Generation (1945 – 1954)
Second Generation (1955 – 1964)
Third Generation (1965 – 1974)
Fourth Generation (1975 - )
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Types of Computers
On the basis of Computing Power & Size:
 Laptop / Palmtop
 Micro Computer / Desktop
 Mini Computer / Mainframe
 Super Computer
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Language of Computers
 Computers only understand the electronic
signals.
Either Current is flowing or not.
 Current Flowing : ON
 Current Not Flowing : OFF
 Binary Language
 ON : 1
 OFF : 0
 Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB
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Computer Network
 A Computer Network is interconnection of
Computers to share resources.
 Resources can be : Information, Load,
Devices etc.
Introduction to Computers
Types Of Computer Networks
On the basis of Size:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in
one room, one building.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Its a network of the computers spread widely
geographically.
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Benefits of Computer
Networks
 Information Sharing
 Device Sharing
 Load Sharing
 Mobility
 Fast Communication
 Anywhere Anytime Banking
Introduction to Computers
Internet
 Internet is a huge network of computer
networks.
 Internet provides many services:




Email
World Wide Web (www)
Remote Login (Telnet)
File Transfer (FTP)
Introduction to Computers
CPU ( Central Processing
Unit)
• The central processing unit (CPU), also
known as just a "processor”, is the "brain"
of your computer.
• It contains various electronic circuits.
Introduction to Computers
VDU (Monitor)
 This is the television-like screen where the results
of a computer's tasks are displayed.
 Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly
they are either 15 or 17 inches
(measured diagonally from one corner of the
screen to the opposite corner).
Introduction to Computers
Keyboard
 The keyboard looks like a typewriter.
 It contains all the letters of the alphabet,
numbers and some special symbols.
 It operates like a typewriter keypad, but
instead of moving an arm, which strikes the
paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the
computer, which displays a character on the
monitor.
Introduction to Computers
Mouse
• Its
a device that is used to control the computer.
A cable connects the mouse to the computer.
• When the mouse is moved on a pad, called a
mouse pad, the cursor on the screen moves.
• A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the
computer screen (normally a diagonal arrow that
is used as a pointer) that shows you what the
mouse is referencing on the screen.
Introduction to Computers
Printer
 A printer is designed to output
information from a computer onto a
piece of paper.
 There are three kinds of printers:
dot matrix,
laser,
and
inkjet.
Introduction to Computers
Scanner
 A scanner is a device used to copy an image off
paper and convert it into a digital image, which
can be saved as a computer file and stored on a
hard drive.
 Scanners can also use a special kind of
technology called Optical Character Recognition
(OCR) to read text from paper and save it as an
editable document file
Introduction to Computers
Inside The CPU Cabinet
Introduction to Computers
A Look Inside.
Floppy
CD
Introduction to Computers
A Look Inside ..
power
supply
CD-ROM
drive
floppy
drive
cards
hard
drive
motherboard
Introduction to Computers
A Look Inside…
 Identify all the major components:
 Power Supply
 Motherboard
 Memory
 Card Slots
 Cards (sound, video, network)
 CPU, heatsink and fan
 Drives (floppy, hard and CD-ROM)
Introduction to Computers
What these components do.
 Power Supply – (heart) supplies power to all the circuitry and
devices.
 Motherboard – (body) acts as a manager for everything on
the computer – connects all the other components together.
 CPU – Central Processing Unit – (brain) this does all the work
of computing.
Introduction to Computers
What these components do..
 RAM – Random Access Memory – (short-term
memory) holds data and program instructions
that the computer is currently using.
 Hard Drive – (long-term memory) holds all of the
information that needs to be stored between
uses of the computer.
 Floppy and CD-ROM drives – (mouth/ears) allow
you to give data to the computer and take data
away from the computer.
Introduction to Computers
What these components do…
 Card Slots – (fingers) Allows other components to be
added to the computer.
 Video card – (face) Does all of the processing
necessary to get stuff looking nice on screen, quickly.
 Sound card – (vocal cords) Allows sounds from HD or
CD-ROM to be played.
 Network Card – (telephone) allows computer to talk to
other computers over a wire.
Introduction to Computers
Power Supply
SMPS – Switch Mode Power Supply
Switching Transistors
Outputs + 5V, -5V, +12 V, -12 V
Typical Costs are:
• ATX
– Rs.700
• Non ATX – Rs.300
Usually, SMPS comes with the CPU Cabinet.
Introduction to Computers
Motherboar
d
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CPU
CU
• A Single Chip
ALU
Memory
Registers
Examples: Intel Family – Pentium 4, 3, 2, Pentium,
XEON, Itanium
AMD
-- Athlon, K62
IBM
-- Cyrix
Motorola -- 68000 Series
Introduction to Computers
RAM
Introduction to Computers
Hard Drive
We won’t remove this.
Introduction to Computers
Floppy Drive
Introduction to Computers
CD-ROM Drive
Introduction to Computers
Ribbon Cables
polarized
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Video Card
Introduction to Computers
Sound Card
Introduction to Computers
Back of
Computer
Remove these screws
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Introduction to Computers
CPU
 The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain"
of your computer. It contains the electronic
circuits that cause the computer to follow
instructions from memory.
 The CPU contains three main parts, all housed
in a single package (Chip):
 Control Unit (CU)
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Memory
BACK
Introduction to Computers
SESSION # 3
Computer Peripherals
Introduction to Computers
Major Peripherals
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Hard Disk
 Floppy Disk
 CD ROM
 Printer
 Scanner
 Joystick
Introduction to Computers
Keyboard
 Keypad contains:
 Alphabets
 Numbers
 Special Symbols
 Function Keys
 qwert Keyboard (Typewriter Keyboard).
 On key press it sends a code (ASCII Code) to the CPU.
 Plug N Play device.
 Typical Cost is Rs.300 – Rs.1200
Introduction to Computers
Mouse
 Pointing & Click Device.
 Two / Three Buttons
 Wheel / Optical Mouse
 Normally Left Click – Select/ Run
Right Click – Popup Menu
 Typical Cost is Rs.100 – Rs1000
Introduction to Computers
Hard Disk
 Magnetic Memory Device.
 Non-removable storage device.
 Several Circular Magnetic Disks are housed in a
single case.
 Data is stored as 1s & 0s.
 Typical Capacity is 20 GB -80 GB
 Typical Cost is Rs.2200 – Rs6000
 Cost/Bit is Low.
Introduction to Computers
Floppy Disk
 Magnetic Memory Device.
 Removable storage.
 A single circular mylar plastic disk, coated with magnetic
material is packed in a protective plastic casing.
 Typical size is 3.5” & Capacity is 1.44MB
 Typical Costs are:
 Floppy Drive -- Rs.300
 Floppy Disk -- Rs.10
Introduction to Computers
CD ROM
 Optical Device.
 Removable Storage.
 Read Only Memory.
 Typical Capacity is 550 Mb – 800MB
 Typical Costs are:
 Drive
-- Rs.1000
 Disk Rs10 – Rs.35
 Related Terms:
 CD Writer
 WORM
 CD RW
Introduction to Computers
Printer
 Output Device, Produces Hard Copy
 Types:
 Dot Matrix
 Inkjet
 Laser
 Typical Cost Ranges from Rs.3500 – Rs.2 lacs
 Related Terms:
 Impact – Non Impact
 Ribbon, Cartridge, Toner, Duty Cycle
 Major Vendors in India:
 HP, Cannon, Samsung, TVS, Epson etc.
Introduction to Computers
Scanner
 Input Device, Converts a hard copy into a




computer file.
Used to Scan Signatures, Photographs etc.
Optical Device.
Typical Cost Rs.4000 – Rs.75000
Major Vendors in India:
 HP, Umax, Cannon
 Nowadays Scanners with OCR produces
editable documents.
Introduction to Computers
OVERVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Introduction to Computers
What is Operating System
 OS is system software, which may be viewed as
collection of software consisting of procedures for
operating the computer.
 It provides an environment for execution of
programs (application software).
 It’s an interface between user & computer.
Introduction to Computers
Computer Machine
(Hardware)
Machine Language
(Low Level Language)
Operating System
Human Understandable Language
(High Level Language)
User / Programmer
Introduction to Computers
Types of OS
 Multiprogramming OS
 Multitasking/Multiprocessing
 Multiuser OS
 Time Sharing OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
Introduction to Computers
A Second Classification
This Classification is based on the type of interface
Operating System provides for the user to work in.
Character User Interface (CUI)
The User has to type the commands on the
command prompt to get the work completed.
Ex. DOS, UNIX.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The User need not type any commands. He/She
just point and clicks on the desired Icon to get the
work done.
Ex. Windows (9X, XP, NT, 2000), Linux.
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Functions of OS
File Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management
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Types of Processing
Serial Processing
The job is processed at the time when
it is submitted.
Batch Processing
The similar jobs are bunched together and
are kept for processing at an later time.
Introduction to Computers
MS-DOS Overview
 MS-DOS is an acronym for MicroSoft Disk Operating System
 It is a CUI based operating system.
 It provides user with a command prompt (generally called as C:\) where
various command could be typed.
 When one operates in the DOS environment, one interacts with the
command interpreter, which interprets the commands given by user.
 It provides an environment for execution of various application programs
like MS-Word, MODBANKER, ISBS etc.
Introduction to Computers
What is Command
 It is a string of characters which tells the computer what to do.
 When one types commands to a computer, one is conversing
with the operating system's command interpreter.
 For example, to copy a file called file.txt from the 3-1/2"
floppy drive to the hard drive, one could type
C:\> copy a:\file.txt c:\
The word "copy" is a DOS command which causes files to be
copied from one location to another
Introduction to Computers
Entering the DOS Environment
 If the OS is DOS then the system will directly show prompt (C:\>)
 If the OS is windows one must either terminate the Windows environment, or
open a DOS shell within the Windows environment.
Ist Method: Terminating Windows Environment
Select “Restart in MS-DOS Mode” from Shut Down in
Menu.
IInd Method: Opening DOS Shell in Windows
Select Start>Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt (XP)
Start>Programs>Accessories>MS-DOS Prompt (98)
Introduction to Computers
Start
Files and Directory
Files
 A file is a collection of Records.
 It is the smallest unit of File System (Storage) in a computer.
 Any document created using computer is a file. This document could either be
a letter, any excel sheet, any image or even a database.
Directory
 A collection of files is directory (in DOS) or folder (in Windows)
 It is analogous to the Office Folder which contains various documents.
 A directory/folder eases the management of related files/ documents, like the
various circulars related to personnel could be placed in a directory called
“personnel” and all the circulars related to loans could be placed in a directory
called “loans”.
Introduction to Computers
Filenames in DOS?
 The filename in DOS have the following format.
<name>.<ext>
 It has two parts the name and the extension.
 The name could be of 8 characters and the extension of 3
characters.
 The filename can contain alphabets and numbers. It cannot
contain any special character other than underscore (_) and
also no spaces.
Introduction to Computers
Organization of files in DOS
The DOS file system is a hierarchical file system.
Files are collected into directories, and directories may contain
both files and other directories.
There is always a directory which is not contained by any other,
called the root which is represented by the backslash '\'
character.
Introduction to Computers
Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)
Concept of Path: Every file can be specified by enumerating
all of the directories between the root and it, separated by the
backslash '\' character, and appending the file name to the end.
The drive which contains the root is specified at the head of the
path, separated from the root by a colon (':')
The hard drive is most commonly known as the C: drive, and
the floppy drives are usually called A:(3-1/2 inch) and B: (51/4 inch).
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Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)
/
circulars
officer.txt
loans
personnel
new.dat
january
february
retire.txt
Fig. Hierarchical Structure of Files
rest.txt
Introduction to Computers
abc.txt
Some DOS Commands
dir: Listing of all the directories.
C:\> dir
cls: Clears the screen.
C:\> cls
copy con: Creates a file.
C:\> copy con <filename>
< Write your Contents Here>
Press Ctrl-Z (^Z) to finish writing.
Ex: C:\> copy con test.dat
Lets Make UCO a top class Bank.
Ctrl-Z (^Z)
1 file(s) copied. (A Message will be shown on the system)
This will create a file named test.dat having some data.
Introduction to Computers
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
edit: Edits a file.
C:\> edit <filename>
This will open a editor window where the contents of file can be seen. These
contents could also be edited here and on saving, the contents of file will
change.
type: Displays the content of a file.
C:\> type <filename>
This will display the contents of file on the computer. The contents of file could
only be viewed but could not be changed, as in the case of edit.
Introduction to Computers
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
md: Make Directory.
C:\> md (directory name>
This will create a directory with the specified name.
cd: Change Directory.
C:\> cd (directory name>
This will change the directory from current directory to the specified directory.
rd: Remove Directory.
C:\> rd (directory name>
If the directory is needed to be removed permanently from the computer, use
this command. For this command to be executed it is necessary that the
directory should be empty and user should be on a directory above it.
Introduction to Computers
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
copy: Copies a file.
C:\> copy <source> <destination>
This will copy the file from the source location to the specified destination. The
command creates a copy of the file on the destination i.e. the file would be
found on both the location.
move: Moves a file.
C:\> move <source> <destination>
This will move the file from the source location to the specified destination.
The file from the source location would be removed and would be moved to
the destination.
Introduction to Computers
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
ren: Renames a file.
C:\> ren <old filename> <new filename>
This will change the name (rename) of the file to a new name as
specified.
del: Deletes a file.
C:\> del <filename>
This will delete the file permanently from the system.
Introduction to Computers
Overview of Windows
 Windows is an GUI based operating system.
 It is also developed by Microsoft Corporation, which is headed by
Mr. Bill Gates.
 Over the years the Microsoft have evolved various versions of
Windows. Win95, Win98, Win2000, Win ME, Win NT, Win XP.
 It gives user a handy environment where he doesn’t have to
remember and learn the syntaxes of various commands as is the case
in DOS.
 The user can just point and click on the Icons provided to him on the
screen.
Introduction to Computers
Folders and Documents
 Folders are a way to organize your documents within drives in Windows as
are the directories in DOS.
 A document is each thing that you create on a computer. A document can
be made using any type of software.
Introduction to Computers
QUIZ
1.
Name any four devices of a Computer.
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light Pen.
2.
What is the job of CPU?
Central Processing Unit controls and coordinates
all the activities of the computer.
Introduction to Computers
QUIZ
3. What is the unit of measuring the speed of the
processor?
Mega Hertz or Kilo Hertz ( No. of CPU
Cycles/second)
4. What is a computer network?
It is interconnection of computers to make a
LAN,MAN or WAN.
Introduction to Computers
QUIZ
5. Name any three storage devices.
Hard Disk, Magnetic Tape, Compact Disk.
6. What is command to create directory?
C:\>MD <<dir-name>>
Introduction to Computers
QUIZ
7. What is Internet?
It is the network of networks.
8. What are different types of printers?
Dot Matrix Printer, Inkjet
Laser
Introduction to Computers
QUIZ
9.What is the use of Scanner?
It is used to copy the real image
on paper
to
be stored as
digital image in the
computer.
10. Why Operating system is required?
It is required to provide the interface
between the user and the
computer.
Introduction to Computers
QUIZ
11.
What is the difference between
Primary
Storage and Secondary
Storage?
Primary Storage is temporary
storage, fast and costly.
Secondary storage is permanent, slow
and
cheap.
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QUIZ
12. What is MODEM. Why it is required?
It is Modulator Demodulator. It is used to
connect the PC to the Internet using Analog
Telephone Lines.
13.What is the maximum length of
name in DOS?
First Name- 8 characters, Last
characters.
Introduction to Computers
file
Name- 3
QUIZ
14. What is the command in DOS to
contents of the file?
C:\> Type<<File Name>>
15. What are the two types of Software?
Systems Software
Application Software
Introduction to Computers
see the
Thanks
Introduction to Computers