Transcript Week_None_9_ppt

Week Nine Agenda
•Announcements
•Link of the week
•Review week eighth lab assignment
•Week nine expected outcomes
•Next lab assignment
•Break-out problems
•Upcoming deadlines
•Lab assistance, questions, and answers
Link of the week
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
This Web site contains information on:
- Evolved firmware uses
- Firmware and device drivers
- Firmware support challenge in PCs
- Firmware hacking
http://www.driver-fix.com/driverdetective.php?t=Firmware
DiverDetective
Download driver updates automatically and safely. This
software utility will keep your system up to date by
automatically retrieving the latest drivers from your
hardware’s manufacturer.
Link of the week
Define Firmware: A computer program that is embedded in the
hardware device. Firmware can be stored in flash memory or
as a binary image file that can be uploaded onto an existing
hardware by a user. In summary, firmware is a combination of
hardware and software.
Firmware applications include the following:
- BIOS found in IBM-compatible PCs.
- Open Firmware, used in computers
marketed by Sun Microsystems and
Apple Computers.
- EPROM chips used in the Eventide H-3000 series
of digital music processors.
- The iPod’s control menus.
- The Common Firmware Environment
(CFE).
- Cisco IOS
Concentric Circle Relationship
Application
Kernel
Firmware
CPU
Memory
Devices
Review eighth week lab assignment
• ANSI The Institute oversees the creation, promulgation
and use of thousands of norms and guidelines that
directly impact businesses in nearly every sector: from
acoustical devices to construction equipment, from dairy
and livestock production to energy distribution, and many
more. ANSI is also actively engaged in accrediting
programs that assess conformance to standards –
including globally-recognized cross-sector programs
such as the ISO 9000 and ISO 9001.
• Membership:
Comprised of Government agencies, Organizations,
Companies, Academic and International bodies, and
individuals, the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) represents the interests of more than 125,000
companies and 3.5 million professionals.
Review eighth week lab assignment
• ANSI is the official U.S. representative to the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
has served in its capacity as administrator and
coordinator of the United States private sector
voluntary standardization system for more than 90
years.
Review eighth week lab assignment
Linux
/etc/sysconfig
The /etc/sysconfig directory is where many of
the files that control the system configuration are
stored.
/etc/sysconfig/clock
Used to configure the system clock to Universal
or local time and set some other clock
parameters.
/etc/sysconfig/init
This file is used to set some terminal
characteristics and environment variables.
Review eighth week lab assignment
/etc/sysconfig/keyboard
Used to configure the keyboard. Used by the startup
script /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit.
/etc/sysconfig/mouse
This file is used to configure the mouse.
/etc/sysconfig/network
Used to configure networking options. All IPX
options default to off.
/etc/rc.d/rc.local
This file is executed after the other init scripts. Put
commands that performs some system customization.
Review eighth week lab assignment
/etc/fstab
- The fstab file is read by software applications. It is
the duty of the system administrator to create and
accurately maintain this file.
- Each file system is described on a separate line.
- Fields on each line are separated by tabs and
spaces.
- # comments
- The order in which these records are listed is
important.
Review eighth week lab assignment
etc/fstab
/dev/vg00/root
/
ext3 defaults
11
LABEL=/boot
/boot
ext3 defaults
12
none
/dev/pts
devpts gid=5,mode=620
00
/dev/vg00/home
/home
ext3 defaults
12
/dev/vg00/opt
/opt
ext3 defaults
12
none
/proc
proc defaults
00
none
/dev/shm
tmpfs defaults
00
/dev/vg00/tmp
/tmp
ext3 defaults
12
/dev/vg00/usr
/usr
ext3 defaults
12
/dev/vg00/var
/var
ext3 defaults
12
/dev/vg00/swap
swap
swap defaults
00
/dev/cdrom
/mnt/cdrom
udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro
00
/dev/fd0
/mnt/floppy
auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
/dev/vg02/shome /export/home
ext3 defaults
12
#/dev/vg01/oracle /mnt/pkg1/oracle ext3 noauto
12
#NOTICE: oracle and shome are shared storage. Make sure they are not
mounted # on the other side before mounting.
Review eighth week lab assignment
Field description of /etc/fstab
1st field describes the block special device or remote
file system to be mounted.
2nd field describes the mount point for the file system.
3rd field describes the type of file system.
4th field describes the mount options associated with
the file system.
5th field describes which file systems will need to be
dumped by the dump() command.
6th field is used by fsck to determine the order in
which the file systems are checked at boot time.
Review eighth week lab assignment
The exit code returned by fsck is the sum of the
following conditions:
0 - No errors
1 - File system errors corrected
2 - System should be rebooted
4 - File system errors left uncorrected
8 - Operational error
16 - Usage or syntax error
32 - fsck canceled by user request
128 - Shared library error
Review week eight lab assignment
Red Hat Package Manager (rpm) is a package
management system.
- Software package file format
- Free software tool which installs, updates,
uninstalls, verifies and queries other
software packages in this format.
- rpm was originally targeted for the Linux
distributions; the file format RPM is the
baseline package format of the Linux
Standard Base.
Review week eight lab assignment
Package Advantages:
- Used in a uniform way for the user to install
programs
- Uninstalling programs is simple
- Non-interactive installation makes it easy to
automate
- Original source archive (e.g. .tar.gz,.tar.bz2)
- Packages can be cryptographically verified with
GPG and MD5.
Review week eight lab assignment
A file format is a particular way to encode
information for storage in a computer file.
Disk drives or computer storage are represented
in bits. A computer must convert
information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa.
A computer file format can be represented as
either a binary image or ASCII file.
Binary image files represent 256 different binary
codes. ASCII files contain a small set of
characters which are alphabetic letters,
numeric digits, special symbols and a few
control codes.
Review week eight lab assignment
Binary image files can contain many more codes
because they use all eight bits of the byte,
whereas ASCII files use only seven bits.
Executable software, most word processing
files and databases, spread sheets and
multimedia files are binary. However, text and
source program files as well as HTML and
XML files are ASCII.
Review week eight lab assignment
The Internets SMTP mail protocol supports only
ASCII. When a binary file is attached to an
email message, the 8-bit format is converted to
a temporary 7-bit format to pass through the
mail servers. Encoding formats such as MIME,
at the receiving end converts the 7-bit format
back into 8-bit binary format. The 8-bit to 7-bit
conversion makes files larger as they traverse
the Internet.
Review week eight lab assignment
Different file formats for different kinds of
information.
- JPEG format – designed to store
static photographic images.
- GIF format – designed to store still
images and simple animation.
- QuickTime format – designed as a
container for many different
types of multimedia.
Week nine expected outcomes
Upon successful completion of this module, the
student will be able to:
• Analyze processes of startup and shutdown.
• Apply startup scripts and controls to tune
system.
• Describe basic "autonomous" processes in
UNIX.
Next Lab Assignment
“Initializing” or “booting” the machine steps
1. CPU is pre-set to RESET mode
2. CPU pre-programmed to seek 0xfffffff0 address location
3. BIOS reads MBR (Track 0, Sector 1)
4. First part of MBR contains the boot partition table and executable
code
5. Second part of the MBR is used to locate the boot loader. It resides
on the “active” partition known as the Boot Sector.
6. Device drivers are loaded (initrd-2.4.20-8.img)
7. Kernel is invoked
8. Kernel performs the following tasks
Memory size determination
Hardware configuration
Kernel data structure initialization
Mount root partition
Hand crafted init process
Next Lab Assignment
Computer starts by running the BIOS program. The
user is usually allowed to set up the boot process with
the firmware. The first sector on the booting media is
then read by the bios program. The boot sector
contains a small program which is run at this time.
This program has the task of reading the operating
system from the disk and running it. LILO is the
program that Linux systems typically use to allow
users to have a choice of operating systems to boot
from.
Next Lab Assignment
It is usually installed in the boot sector (otherwise
known as the MBR). If the user chooses to boot
Linux, LILO will load the Linux kernel into memory.
Then the kernel will try to mount the root filesystem.
The root filesystem is usually mounted read-only
(this can be set in the same way as the place). This
makes it possible to check the filesystem while it is
mounted; it is not a good idea to check a filesystem
that is mounted read-write.
Next Lab Assignment
After the kernel starts the program "init" (located in
/sbin/init) in the background (This process will
always become process number 1). Init will start the
services setup in the system.
Next Lab Assignment
Master Boot Record (MBR)
The MBR is not located in a partition, it is located at
a Main Boot Record area in front of the first partition.
When a data storage device has been partitioned with
the MBR Partition Table scheme the master boot
record contains the primary partition entries in its
partition table.
By convention, there are exactly four primary
partition table entries in the MBR Partition Table
scheme
Next Lab Assignment
Linux Performance Tools
sar command is performance monitoring tool. It can
find out what Linux is doing all the time. It can
generate report and email them to sys admin.
vmstat command that reports information about
processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu
activity.
free command displays the total amount of free
and used physical and swap memory in the
system, as well as the buffers used by the
kernel.
Next Lab Assignment
iostat command is used for monitoring system
input/output device loading by observing the time the
devices are active in relation to their average transfer
rates i.e. it is useful to monitor disk throughput.
Next Lab Assignment
Linux system run level modes
0 - Halt system
1 – Single user
2 – Multi-user mode
3 – Full multi-user
4 – unused
5 – X11
6 - Reboot
Shutdown command
shutdown
Review the Startup/Shutdown lab assignment
Next Lab Assignment
/etc/rc.d
init.d rc0.d rc2.d rc4.d rc6.d rc.sysinit
rc
rc1.d rc3.d rc5.d rc.local
/etc
rc
rc0.d
rc1.d
rc2.d
rc3.d
rc4.d
rc5.d
rc6.d
rc.d
rc.local
init.d
rc.sysinit
Next Lab Assignment
Activities managed by the kernel
Responsive - users
Autonomous - daemons
The kernel consists of a collection of low level
procedures. These procedures are called system calls
and they are the primary means for a program to
interact with other parts of the system.
Explain the difference between the K and S as a script
prefix.
Demonstrate
Execution of the newuid.pl and process.sh scripts
Provide examples of pids and ppids (pid_ppid.sh)
Next Lab Assignment
• Shell Commands
df (disk space usage)
df –i (file system inode utilization)
sar (CPU usage)
history (list commands previously input)
tail (read records at end of file)
head (read records at start of file)
w (current snap shot of all users and what they
are doing.
Break-out problems
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What functionality does the mingetty or getty perform?
Define the kernel responsive and autonomous functions?
What system functionality does the /etc/fstab file provide?
What is the functionality does the /etc/sysconfig directory
provide?
• What functionality does the /etc/inittab file provide?
• Commands
ls -li
who -r
kill
kill –l
uptime
w
telinit
sleep
Upcoming deadlines
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Installation Exercise, 8-1 is due June 28, 2009
Startup/Shutdown, 9-1 is due July 5, 2009
Account/LDAP Script, 10-1 is due July 12, 2009
Process Exercise, 10-2 is due July 12, 2009
Knoppix File System, 11-1 is due July 19, 2009
Final Outline posted by July 20, 2009
Lab assistance, questions and answers
• Questions
• Comments
• Concerns
• I am available after this Franklin Live session
to discuss any problems and/or concerns
regarding the lab assignments