Transcript Unit 3 Operation System

Unit 3 Operation System
《计算机专业英语》
潘
果
Unit 3 Operation System
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Section1 Situational Dialog
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Section 2 Passages
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Passage A. Categories of Operating System
Passage B. Comparison between Linux and Windows
Section 3 Skill in Focus
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System Crash
Reading Skills, Part 3—Syntactic Characteristics of Computer
English
Section 4 Extended Reading
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Some Changes in Windows 7 Taskbar
Google to Launch Rival to Windows as It Challenges Microsoft’s
Dominance
Apple Boosts Its System’s Speed
Tips: Upgrade Your PC with a New Graphics Card
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Operation System
Section 1 Situational Dialogue
System Crash
1、在使用计算机的过程中，你遇到过系统崩溃的情况吗，
简单描述一下。
2、你觉得系统崩溃的原因有哪些。
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 1
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Cheng Hong has met with some problems with his computer, and
now he is consulting his Qian Liang, a “geek” among his classmates.
Cheng Hong: Good morning, Qian Liang. May I ask you some
questions about my computer?
Qian Liang: Good morning. What can I do for you?
Cheng Hong: The system in my computer has crashed. I have
tried several times to reboot it but it doesn’t work. What can I do?
Qian Liang: How did that happen?
Cheng Hong: The screen went blank while I was just drawing with
Photoshop. It all happened suddenly, and I am totally at a loss why.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 1
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Zhang Ning: Well, there might many causes for system crash. One of
them is software. The simplest operation like installing and uninstalling
might cause a crash in system. Problems within the system may also do
that, so you have to be very careful when deleting DLL files, modifying
Windows registry, or upgrading the operating system. Another cause is
the hardware problem. Have you tried backing up the files? It would be a
great help in system restoration when the problem doesn’t lie in the
hardware.
Cheng Hong: The service personnel installed a ghost program for me
when I bought the computer. Will I lose the data in my hard disk if it is
restored?
Qian Liang: Not except the data on C: drive, where files on your
desktop or in My Documents are stored. You may move them into other
locations with a bootable disk or under DOS if there are any.
Cheng Hong: There are a lot of learning materials in My Documents and
on the desktop. Would you please help me transfer them? It might save
me the trouble of calling for customer services, and what’s more
important, I’d learn a lot from you.
Qian Liang: No problem.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Operation System
Section 2 Passage A：
Categories of Operating System
1、你所知道的操作系统有哪些
2、你觉得未来操作系统的发展趋势是什么
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• OS
• software
• application program
• resource
• error
• batch processing
• real-time
• multi-tasking
• multi-user
• distributed
• time sharing
• desktop
• embedded
• Windows
• release
• Macintosh
• Unix
• Linux
• BSD
• source code
• GNU
• open-source project
• z/OS
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
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An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as “OS”) is a
software program that enables the computer hardware to
communicate and operate with the computer software. It
controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various applications programs for various uses. It acts as a
resource allocator and manager.
Since there are many possibly conflicting requests for
resources, the operating system must decide which requests
are allocated resources to operate the computer system
efficiently and fairly. It also controls the user programs to
prevent errors and improper use of the computer, and is
especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O
devices.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Categories of Operating Systems
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While the majority of computers we see happen to be
using one “type” of operating system performing the
same functions, operating systems can be branched into
several different types as well. Operating systems may be
categorized by different standards. Here are some of
common types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Batch Processing Operating System
Real-time Operating System
Single User Operating System
Multi-Tasking Operating System
Multi-User Operating System
Distributed Operating System
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• 1. Batch Processing Operating System
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In a batch processing OS interaction between the user
and processor is limited during the execution of work.
Data and programs to be processed are bundled and
collected as a ‘batch’ and executed together.
Batch processing operating systems are ideal when there
are large amounts of data to be processed, similar data
needs to be processed, or, similar processing is involved
when executing the data.
The system is capable of identifying times when the
processor is idle at which time ‘batches’ may be processed.
Processing is all performed automatically without any user
intervention.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• 2. Real-time Operating System
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A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating
system that guarantees a certain capability within a
specified time constraint. Real-time systems are usually
used to control complex systems that require a lot of
processing like machinery, scientific instruments and
industrial systems.
• 3. Single User Operating System
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A single user OS, as the name suggests, is designed for
one user to effectively use a computer at a time.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• 4. Multi-Tasking Operating System
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In this type of OS several applications may be
simultaneously loaded and used in the memory.
While the processor handles only one application at a
particular time it is capable of switching between the
applications effectively to apparently simultaneously
execute each application.
This type of operating system is seen everywhere today
and is the most common type of OS, an example of which
is the Windows operating system.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• 5. Multi-User Operating System
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This type of OS allows multiple users to use the system
simultaneously. Here as well, the processor splits its
resources and handles one user at a time, but it does this
at such a high speed and so efficiently that it seems that
users are simultaneously using the system. Some network
systems utilize this kind of operating system.
• 6. Distributed Operating System
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In a distributed system, software and data may be
distributed around the system. Programs and files may be
stored on different storage devices which are located in
different geographical locations and may be accessed
from different computer terminals.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• There are still more types of OSs according to different
classifications, such as
Network Operating System
 Time Sharing Operating System
 Desktop Operating System
 Server Operating System
 Embedded Operating System
and so forth.
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• While we are mostly accustomed to seeing multi-
tasking and multi-user operating systems, the other
operating systems are usually used in companies and
firms to power special systems.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Most Commonly-used OS
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The most widely used contemporary desktop operating
systems include Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, and Unixlike systems such Linux and the BSD (Berkeley Software
Distribution). Here is an overview on each system:
1、Windows
2、UNIX/Linux
3、Macintosh
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• 1. Windows
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Windows is the popular Microsoft brand preferred
by most personal users. This system has come a
long way from version 1.0 all the way up to the
new Vista and soon to be released Windows 7.
Although Windows has made strides in regard to
security, it has a reputation for being one of the
most vulnerable systems.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• 2. Unix/Linux
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The Unix operating system has been around for
years, and it is well known for its stability. Unix is
often used more as a server than a workstation.
Linux was based on the Unix system, with the
source code being a part of GNU open-source
project. Both systems are very secure yet far
more complex than Windows.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• 3. Macintosh
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Recent versions of the Macintosh operating
system, including the Mac OS X, follow the
secure architecture of Unix. Systems developed
by Apple are efficient and easy to use, but can
only function on Apple branded hardware.
For mainframe computers, IBM, with its z/OS,
dominates the operating system technologies.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Exercises I
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B
1. ______
are usually used to control complex
systems that require a lot of processing like
machinery, scientific instruments and industrial
systems.
 A. Batch Processing systems
 B. Real-time systems
 C. Distributed systems
 D. Multi-Tasking systems
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Exercises I
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2. Windows operating system is an example
D
of______
.
 A. Batch Processing systems
 B. Real-time systems
 C. Distributed systems
 D. Multi-Tasking systems
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Exercises I
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A
3. ______
was based on the Unix system, with
the source code being a part of GNU opensource project.
 A. Linux
 B. Windows
 C. Macintosh
 D. z/OS
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Exercises I
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C
4. For ______,
IBM, with its z/OS, dominates
the operating system technologies.
 A. personal computers
 B. supercomputers
 C. mainframe computers
 D. workstation computers
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Exercises II
1. Batch Processing OS
2. Distributed OS
3. Single User OS
4. Real-time OS
5. Embedded OS
6. Multi-Tasking OS
7. Open Source OS
8. Server OS
9. Time Sharing OS
10. Network OS
( 8 ) a. 服务器操作系统
( 1 ) b. 批处理操作系统
( 7 ) c. 开源操作系统
( 9 ) d. 分时操作系统
( 4 ) e. 实时操作系统
( 6 ) f. 多任务操作系统
(10) g. 网络操作系统
( 3 ) h. 单用户操作系统
( 2 ) i. 分布式操作系统
( 5 ) j. 嵌入式操作系统
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• Exercises III
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attack
protection
Linux
Windows
anti-virus
viruses
The debate about whether Linux needs anti-virus
protection will probably never end. The way Linux
1._________
is designed makes it difficult for viruses to work the
Windows environment.
way they do in a 2._________
But it’s not impossible for someone to find a way to
attack Linux. Another consideration is that
3._________
while a virus in an email might not affect a
Linux computer, the email and its associated
4._________
virus might wreak havoc if it found its way via your
computer to a friend using Windows.
viruses on your PC, whether
Getting rid of any 5._________
they are harmful to your system or not, is probably the
right thing to do. Thankfully, there are some Linux
Anti-virus programs, namely AVG and ClamAV.
6._________
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Operation System
Section 2 Passage B
Comparison between Linux and Windows
1、 Windows是同学们比较熟悉的操作
系统，请回顾Windows的发展史。
2、对于Linux你了解有多少？
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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GPL
developer
function
bug
SCSI
private
Graphical User Interface
command line
mouse
navigate
drop-down menu
dialog box
button
tab
icon
Windows Mobile
license copy
variant
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version
reboot
utility
freeware
Gimp
OpenOffice
StarOffice
Wine
driver
manufacturer
attack
vulnerable
virus
online
documentation
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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Developed by Linus Torvalds and friends and first introduced
in 1991, Linux is a freely available multitasking and multiuser operating system.
From the outset, Linux was placed under General Public
License (GPL). The system can be distributed, used and
expanded free of charge. In this way, developers have access
to all the source codes, thus being able to integrate new
functions easily or to find and eliminate programming bugs
quickly. Thereby drivers for new adapters (SCSI controller,
graphics cards, etc.) can be integrated very rapidly.
Presently, Linux is successfully being used by several millions
of users worldwide. The composition of user groups varies
from private users, training companies, universities, research
centers to commercial users and companies, who view Linux
as a real alternative to other operating systems.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems
and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft.
Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named
Windows in November 1985, which eliminates the need for a
user to have to type each command at a command line, like
MS-DOS, by using a mouse to navigate through drop-down
menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons. Microsoft
Windows came to dominate the world’s personal computer
market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced
previously.
As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the
market share of the client operating systems for usage on the
Internet. The most recent client version of Windows is
Windows 7, the most recent server version is Windows Server
2008 R2, and the most recent mobile device version is
Windows Mobile 6.5
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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Users who are considering making a change from Windows to
Linux or vice versa commonly want to know the advantages
and disadvantages of each of the operating systems. Below is
an illustration of the major advantages and disadvantages of
each of these operating systems.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Price
Ease
Reliability
Software
Software Cost
Hardware
Security
Open Source
Support
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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1. Price
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2. Ease
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The majority of Linux variants are available for free or at a much
lower price than Microsoft Windows, while Microsoft Windows can
run between $50.00 - $150.00 US dollars per each license copy.
Although the majority of Linux variants have improved
dramatically in ease of use, Windows is still much easier to use
for beginners. Microsoft has made several advancements and
changes that have made it much easier to use, and although
arguably it may not be the easiest operating system, it is still
easier than Linux.
3. Reliability
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Most Linux variants and versions are notoriously reliable and can
often run for months and years without needing to be rebooted.
Although Microsoft Windows has made great improvements in
reliability over the last few versions of Windows, it still cannot
match the reliability of Linux.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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4. Software
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Linux has a large variety of available software programs, utilities,
and games. However, Windows has a much larger selection of
available software because of the large amount of Microsoft
Windows users.
5. Software Cost
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Many of the available software programs, utilities, and games
available on Linux are freeware and/or open source. Even such
complex programs such as Gimp, OpenOffice, StarOffice, and
Wine are available for free or at a low cost. In contrast, although
Windows does have software programs, utilities, and games for
free, the majority of the programs will cost anywhere between
$20.00 - $200.00+ US dollars per copy.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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6. Hardware
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This is where Windows shows great advantages. Although
Linux companies and hardware manufacturers have made
great advancements in hardware support for Linux and today
Linux will support most hardware devices, many companies
still do not offer drivers or support for their hardware in Linux.
Because of the larger number of Microsoft Windows users and
the broader driver support, Windows has a much larger
support for hardware devices and a good majority of hardware
manufacturers will support their products in Microsoft Windows.
7. Security
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Linux is and has always been a very secure operating system.
Although it still can be attacked when compared to Windows, it
has been much more secure. Even if Microsoft has made great
improvements over the years with security on their operating
system, their operating system continues to be the most
vulnerable to viruses and other attacks.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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8. Open Source
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Many of the Linux variants and many Linux programs are open
source and enable users to customize or modify the code
however they wish to. Microsoft Windows is not open source
and the majority of Windows programs are not open source.
9. Support
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Although it may be more difficult to find users familiar with all
Linux variants, there are vast amounts of available online
documentation and help, available books, and support
available for Linux. Microsoft Windows includes its own help
section, has vast amount of available online documentation
and help, as well as books on each of the versions of Windows.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
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Exercises I
 1. ( T ) The majority of Linux variants are available for free or
at a much lower price than Microsoft Windows.
 2. ( F ) Most Windows versions are notoriously reliable and
can often run for months and years without needing to be
rebooted.
 3. ( F ) Though many of the available software programs,
utilities, and games available on Linux are freeware and/or
open source, such complex programs such as Gimp,
OpenOffice, StarOffice, and Wine must be bought at a high
price.
 4. ( T ) Windows has a much larger support for hardware
devices than Linux.
 5. ( T ) Microsoft operating system is the most vulnerable to
viruses and other attacks.
 6. ( F ) It is a lot easier to find users familiar with all Linux
variants than those with Windows.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
• Exercises II
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Linus Torvalds and friends and first
1. Developed by ____________
introduced in 1991, Linux is a freely available
multitasking
multi-user
____________
and ____________
operating system.
2. Microsoft Windows eliminates the need for a user to
type each command at a command line like MS-DOS,
have to ___________________________,
mouse to navigate through drop-down
menus
by using a _______
____________,
dialog boxes buttons, tabs, and icons.
___________,
GPL
3. From the outset, Linux was placed under ______.
The
of charge
system can be distributed, used and expanded free
_________.
source codes
Developers have access to all the ____________,
thus
being able to integrate new functions easily or to find and
programming bugs quickly.
eliminate _______________
Windows 7
4. The most recent client version of Windows is ________,
Server R2 and the
the most recent server version is Windows
_____________,
Windows Mobile 6.5
most recent mobile device version is _________________.
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage B
• Exercises II
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5. The composition of Linux user groups varies from
training companies
private users, _______________,
universities,
companies
research centers to commercial users and ________,
____________
real alternative to other
who view Linux as a ____________
operating systems.
6. Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world’s
personal computer
Mac OS
_______________
market, overtaking _________,
which had been introduced previously.
Linux programs
Linux variants and many __________
7. Many of the __________
or modify
are open source and enable users to customize
____________
the code however they wish to.
8. Microsoft Windows includes its own help
__ section, has
online documentation and help,
vast amount of available ______________
each of the versions of Windows.
as well as books on ____________
计算机专业英语
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Unit 3 Section 3
Computer English Reading, Part 3
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计算机句法的特点
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1．陈述句
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2．祈使句
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3．被动语态
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4．复合句
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5．非谓语动词
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6．一般时态和现在完成时态
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7．用虚拟语气
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8．多用某些常用句型
计算机专业英语
Unit 3 Section 4
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Some Changes in Windows 7 Taskbar
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1. Taskbar
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2. Pop-ups and Jump Lists
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3. Action stations
Google to Launch Rival to Windows as
It Challenges Microsoft’s Dominance
Apple Boosts Its System’s Speed
Tips for common PC problems:
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How to reduce your PC’s start-up time
计算机专业英语