Transcript Computer Concepts 8

Chapter
4: Computer,
1:
File
Management,
Internet,
Virus
Chapter
3: Computer
Software
Protection,
Web,
and E-Mail
and Backup
Basics
1
Chapter 3 Preview
After this chapter, you should be able to:
– Describe the components of a typical software
package
– Trace the development of a computer program
– Describe the differences between system
software and application software
– Describe the way an operating system manages
each computer resource
– Identify operating systems for personal
computers, PDAs, and servers
Chapter 3: Computer Software
2
Chapter 3 Preview
After this chapter, you should be able to:
– Describe key and features of database and
spreadsheet software
– List types of software available
– Explain how to install and uninstall software
– Describe the differences among new software
versions, software patches, and service packs
– Describe rights associated with software: for
users and programmers
Chapter 3: Computer Software
3
Chapter 3 Outline
• Section A
– Software Basics
• Section B
– Computer Operating Systems
• Section C
– Application Software
• Section D
– Software Installation and Copyrights
Chapter 3: Computer Software
4
Chapter 3
Computer Software
Section A: Software Basics
Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Parsons/Oja
What is software?
• Consists of computer
programs and data files
that work together to
provide a computer with
the instructions and
data necessary for
carrying out a specific
type of task
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What kinds of files are
included in a typical software
product?
• Software includes
– A computer program is a set of
instructions that tells a computer how to
solve a problem or carry out a task
– Executable files
– Support modules
– Data files
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Programmers and Programming
Languages: Who creates
computer software?
• Computer programmers write the
instructions for the computer programs
• Software publishers distribute the
software
– They specialize in packaging, marketing,
and selling commercial software
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How does a programmer
“write” software?
• Most software is designed to provide a taskrelated environment
• Programmer defines the properties for each
element in the environment
– Height
– Label
– What happens when you click it
• A computer language provides the tools
that a programmer uses to create software
– Source code
– High-level languages
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How does a programmer
“write” software?
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How are instructions converted
to machine language?
• A compiler translates all of the
instructions in a program as a single
batch
• The resulting machine language
instructions are called the object code
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How are instructions converted
to machine language?
• An alternative to a compiler is an
interpreter, that converts one
instruction at a time while program is
running
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So how does software work?
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Application Software and
System Software: How is
software categorized?
• Software is categorized as either
application software or system
software
– Application software is designed to be
used for a purpose
– System software is designed to help the
computer carry out the basic operating
functions
• Operating systems, utilities, and drivers
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Chapter 3
Computer Software
Section B: Personal Computer
Operating Systems
Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Parsons/Oja
Operating System Overview:
What does an operating
system do?
• The master controller for all of the
activities that take place within a
computer
– Microsoft Windows XP, Mac OS, Linux,
UNIX
• Interacts with the application software
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What does an operating
system do?
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Why does an operating
system manage memory?
• Must ensure that
instructions and data
from one area of
memory don’t “leak” into
an area allocated to
another program
• If it fails, data can get
corrupted, programs can
“crash”
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How does the OS keep track
of storage resources?
• Acts as a filing clerk
• Remembers the names and locations
of all your files
• Keeps track of empty spaces where
new files can be stored
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Why does the operating
system get involved with
peripheral devices?
• To ensure that they function correctly
• To ensure input and output proceeds in
an orderly fashion
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How does the operating
system affect the user
interface?
• A user interface can be defined as the
combination of hardware and software
that helps people and computers
communicate with each other
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
– Command-line user interface
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Where is the operating
system stored?
• The OS’s small bootstrap program
resides in ROM and supplies the
instructions to load the core parts into
memory when system boots
• This component is called the kernel
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Do I ever interact directly
with the OS?
• Yes, typically through helpful tools
called utilities
– Launch programs
– Manage files
– Get help
– Customize the user interface
– Configure equipment
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Are different operating
systems needed for different
computing tasks?
•
•
•
•
•
Single-user operating system
Multiuser operating system
Network operating system
Multitasking operating system
Desktop operating system
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Is Mac OS similar to Windows?
• Developed several years before
windows, it still has a GUI interface
• Both have windows, icons, menus and
pointers
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Is Mac OS similar to Windows?
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Are UNIX and Linux the
same?
• UNIX was developed in 1969 at AT&T’s
Bell Labs
• Linux was developed in 1991
– Is distributed under the terms of a General
Public License (GPL)
• Mandrakelinux, Linspire, College Linux, and
Xandros Desktop
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Are UNIX and Linux the
same?
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Why do I keep hearing about
DOS?
• First operating system that most
people have used
• DOS (Disk Operating System) was
developed by Microsoft
• Part of the kernel of Windows 3.1, 95,
98 and ME
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What are the options for
handheld operating systems?
• Palm OS
• Windows Mobile OS
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Chapter 3
Computer Software
Section C: Application Software
Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Parsons/Oja
Document Production Software:
How can my computer help me
with my writing?
• Word processing software
• Desktop publishing software
• Web authoring software
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How does document production
software help me turn my ideas into
sentences and paragraphs?
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How do I get my documents
to look good?
• The format for a document refers to
the way that all the elements of a
document are arranged on the page
– Font
– Point size
– Paragraph style
– Paragraph alignment
– Line spacing (leading)
– Style
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How do I get my documents
to look good?
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How do I get my documents
to look good?
• Page Layout refers to the physical
position of each element on a page
– Headers and footers
– Page numbers
– Graphical elements
– Tables
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How do I get my documents
to look good?
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Does document production
software increase
productivity?
• Mail Merge - process of creating a series of
personalized letters by combining information
in a mailing list with a blank form letter
• Some additional capabilities
– Automatically generating a table of contents and
index
– Automatically numbering footnotes and positioning
them
– Providing document templates
– Exporting a document into HTML format
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Spreadsheet Software: What
is a spreadsheet?
• Spreadsheet - numerical model or
representation of a real situation
– Checkbook
• To use spreadsheet software, you:
– Enter numbers
– Indicate how the computer should
manipulate those numbers
• Particularly useful for what-if analysis
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What does a computerized
spreadsheet look like?
• Worksheets
– An on-screen spreadsheet
– Based on grid of columns and rows
• Cell - intersection of columns and rows
• A cell can contain
– Numbers (values)
– Labels
– Formulas (tells computer how to
calculate)
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What does a computerized
spreadsheet look like?
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How does spreadsheet
software work?
• Cell reference - unique address given to cell
– A1 = column A, row 1
• You can modify a spreadsheet by
– Changing text, numbers, formulas
– Inserting rows and columns
– Deleting rows and columns
• Formulas can contain
– Cell references
– Mathematical operators
– Numbers
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How does spreadsheet
software work?
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What happens when I modify
a worksheet?
• Automatic recalculation –
recalculates all formulas whenever
contents of any cell are changed
• Relative reference - cell reference
• Absolute reference - never changes
when you insert rows or move formulas
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What happens when I modify
a worksheet?
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Aside from spreadsheets, what
other “number crunching”
software is available?
• Statistical software
• Mathematical modeling software
• Money management software
– Personal finance software
• Tax preparation software
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Database Software: What is
database software?
• Database software helps you to enter,
find, organize, update and report
information stored in a database
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What is database software?
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How do I create records?
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How do I locate specific
data?
• A query language is a set of command words
to direct the computer to:
– Locate information
– Sort records
– Change data in records
• SQL ( Structured Query Language)
• Some software even allows a natural language
query
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How do I locate specific
data?
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How can I use search
results?
•
•
•
•
Print reports
Export data to other programs
Convert the data to other formats
Transmit data to other computers
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Graphics Software: What kind of
software do I need to work with
drawings, photos, and other
pictures?
• Graphics – refers to any picture, drawing,
sketch, photograph, image or icon that
appears on your computer screen
• Graphics Software
–
–
–
–
Paint software
Photo editing software
Drawing software
3-D graphics software
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What kind of software do I
need to work with drawings,
photos, and other pictures?
• CAD software (computer-aided design
software)
• Presentation software
• Slides
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Music Software: Why would I
need music software?
• Audio editing software lets you make
your own digital voice and music
recording
– Ear training software
– Audio encoding software
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Music Software: Why would I
need music software?
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Video Editing Software: Is
video editing software difficult
to use?
• Provides a set of tools for:
–
–
–
–
–
Transferring video footage
Clipping out unwanted footage
Assembling video segments in any sequence
Adding special visual effects
Adding a sound track
• DVD authoring software offers tools for
creating DVDs with Hollywood-style menus
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Software Suites: What is a
software suite?
• A collection of application software sold
as a single package
– Microsoft Office
– Star Office
– Open Office
– WordPerfect Office
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Educational and Reference
Software: How can I use my
computer to learn new things?
• Educational software helps you to
learn and practice new skills
– MindTwister Math
– 3-D Froggy Phonics
– SAT
– GMAT
– LSAT
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What’s reference software?
• Reference software provides a
collection of information and a way to
access that information
– Encyclopedias
• Microsoft Encarta
• Britannica
– Dictionaries
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Entertainment Software:
What’s the best-selling
entertainment software?
• Over $6 billion of computer and video
games are sold each year in the U.S.
alone
– 90% are people 18 and older
– 13% are people over 50
– About 43% are women
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What’s the best-selling
entertainment software?
• Computer games
– Role-playing
– Action
– Adventure
– Puzzle
– Simulation
– Sports
– Strategy
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Business Software: Do
businesses use specialized
software?
• Vertical market software
• Horizontal market software
– Payroll software
– Accounting software
– Project management software
• Groupware
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Chapter 3
Computer Software
Section D: Software Installation and Copyrights
Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Parsons/Oja
Installation Basics: What’s
included in a typical software
package?
• The key ingredients necessary to
install new software are the files that
contain the programs and data
• Usually supplied on distribution
media
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How do I know if a software
program will work on my
computer?
• System requirements specify the
operating system and minimum
hardware requirements necessary for a
software product to work correctly
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Why is it necessary to install
most software?
• When you install software, the new software
files are placed in the appropriate folders on
your computer’s hard disk
–
–
–
–
Copies files from distribution disk
Uncompresses files
Analyzes computer’s resources
Analyzes hardware components and peripheral
devices
– Looks for any system files and players
– Updates necessary system files
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Installing from a Distribution
Media: How do I install
software from distribution
media?
• A setup program guides you through
the installation process
• Following the program will make
installation easy
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Installing Downloaded
Software: Is the installation
process different for
downloaded software?
• Sometimes files are zipped, so they
must be unzipped
• Other types
– Self-installing executable file
– Self-executing zip file
– Non-executing Zip file
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Is installing a software update
different from installing a the
original version?
• Similar to installing a full version
• Update provides a setup file that
checks to make sure that your
computer contains a valid version of
software to upgrade
• Software patches
• Service packs
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Uninstalling Software: How
do I get rid of software?
• Uninstall routine deletes the software’s
files
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Software Copyrights: Is it
legal to copy software?
• A copyright is a form of legal protection
– Purchaser has right to copy software to a
computer’s hard disk in order to install it
– Purchaser can make a backup copy
– Purchaser is allowed to copy and distribute
sections of a software program for use in
critical reviews and teaching
• Most software displays a copyright notice
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Software Licenses: What is a
software license?
• A software license is a legal contract
that defines the ways in which you may
use a computer program
• A shrink-wrap license goes into effect
as soon as you open the packaging
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What is a software license?
• An installation
agreement is
displayed on the
screen when you
first install the
software
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Are all software licenses
similar?
•
•
•
•
•
Commercial software
Shareware
Freeware
Open source software
Public domain software
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Conclusion
You should now be able to:
– Describe the software components of a typical
software package
– Trace the development of a computer program
– Describe the way an operating system manages
each computer resource
– Describe key features of popular software
– List types of software available
– Explain how to install and uninstall software
– Describe rights associated with software: for
users and programmers
Chapter 3: Computer Software
76