Transcript Fundamentals of Computer & imaging

Fundamentals of Computer &
imaging
Lecture 1
Computer Architecture
OS-windows, unix, linux,
issues
1. Computer Architecture
1.1 What is Computer?
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Definition
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A programmable
machine.
The two principal
characteristics of a
computer are:
- It responds to a specific set
of instructions in a welldefined manner.
- It can execute a
prerecorded list of
instructions (a program).
1.2 History and development of modern computer
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Atanasoff-Berry Computer
- First electronic-digital computer in the history
- Invented by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry at
Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.
1.2 History and development of modern computer
 ENIAC
(Electrical Numerical
Integrator And Calculator)
- First patented digital
computer, sponsored by
US military
1.2 History and development of modern computer
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ENIAC Feature
- Invented by John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly at Moore
school of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania
1946
- Invented based on three preceding technology : mechanical
calculator (Abacus), vacuum tube, punched card
- Used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor
space, and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical
power
- 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions ( per
second )
1.2 History and development of modern computer
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Computer generations by important electrotechnical development:
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The first generation(1940 – 1956): vacuum tubes
- huge in size, inefficient energy consumption, machine
language and punch card & printout interface
(ENIAC, UNIVAC)
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The second generation(1956-1963) : transistors
- smaller, cheaper, faster than first one.
Symbolic(assembly) language, Stored instructions in
the memory.
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The third generation(1964-1971) : integrated circuits
- keyboard & monitor interface, operating system, first
accessible to mass audience
1.2 History and development of modern computer
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Computer generations by important
electro-technical development (cont.):
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The fourth generation(1971-present) :
microprocessors
- Intel 4004(1971), IBM PC (1981), Apples
Macintosh (1984), GUI, mouse
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The fifth generation(future): Artificial
intelligence
- respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
- quantum computation, nano-technology,
parallel processing
1.3 Computer Types
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Personal computer :
A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Different
Personal computer types with different OS: PC/MAC/Workstation
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Minicomputer :
A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of
users simultaneously.
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Mainframe :
A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many
hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Dumb terminal
interface
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Supercomputer :
An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second. The Big Blue series of supercomputers
is designed and programmed to try to beat human grand masters
at chess and research Big Bang
1.3 Computer Types
1.4 Computer Standards
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Standards
- enables compatibility and availability of computer products
- competitive industry environment (low cost investment for
consumer)
- wider consumer accessibility for industry
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Standards Organizations
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IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
ANCI ( American National Standards Institute)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
1.4 Computer Standards
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Open Architecture
- Standardized. Open to third party industry
- Allows the system to be connected easily to devices and
programs made by other manufacturers
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Closed Architecture
- Proprietary design. Closed to other manufacturer
- Proprietary architectures are seen as a disadvantage,
making it difficult to connect the system to other systems
• Consumers prefer open and standardized architectures,
which allow them to mix and match products from different
manufacturers.
• IBM PC has been taking open architecture strategy, while
Apple taking closed architecture.
1.4 Typical Architecture
1.4 Typical Architecture
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Central Processing Unit (CPU): The heart of the
computer, this is the component that actually executes
instructions.
Memory : Enables a computer to store data and
programs, at least temporarily.
Storage device : Allows a computer to permanently
retain large amounts of data.
Input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse. Data
and instructions enter a computer through this.
Output device : A display screen, printer, or other
device that lets you see what the computer has
accomplished.
1.4 Typical Architecture
1.5 Motherboard
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The main circuit board of a microcomputer. Provides connections
for all the other components in the computer
1.6 CPU(Central Processing Unit)
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Brain of computer, housed in microprocessor
Two components : Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) for
arithmetic and logical operation, control unit for
extracting data from memory and executing them
Software sends instructions to CPU.
1.6 CPU(Central Processing Unit)
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Clock
- Synchronize all the internal processes
within the CPU
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Clock speed (rate)
- the speed at which a microprocessor
executes instructions (MHz or GHz)
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Cache ( Immediate Access Memory)
- maintain a consistent flow of data from
and to the CPU
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To keep it cool, heat sink & fan
CPU manufacturer :
Intel(Pentium, Celeron), AMD(Athlon,
K6, Duron), Mororola for Apple(G4,
G5)
1.7 Memory
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Main Memory (RAM)
- Physical memory that is internal to the computer
- Random Access Memory , Read & Write
- An array of boxes, each of which can hold a single byte of
information
- CPU can manipulate only data that is in main memory
- Amount of main memory determines how many programs can be
executed at a time.
- Type: DRAM(Dynamic Ram) – need to be refreshed, SRAM(Static
Ram)- no need to refresh, faster, expensive
- Volatile – lose its data when power is out
- Swapping : A technique that maintains portion of data in the memory
when the memory is not large enough
- Virtual memory
1.7 Memory
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ROM (Read Only Memory)
- Special memory used to store programs(ex. BIOS) that boot
the computerand perform diagnostics
- Non-volatile
- Variations: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash Memory
1.8 Storage(Disk)
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Hard disk
- A magnetic disk on which you can store large volumes data.
- Internal hard disk & portable hard disk
- Several platters with tracks, read/write head and an access
arm
- 100Gbyte – Tbyte
- Term : IDE, ATA – disk drive implementation that integrates
the controller on the disk drive itself
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Other disks – Zip, Jaz, tapes, CD, DVD
1.8 Storage(Disk)
1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)
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I/O
- Any program, operation or device that transfers data to or from a
computer and to or from a peripheral device
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Peripheral Device
- A computer device, such as a CD-ROM drive or printer, that is not
part of the essential computer, i.e., the memory and microprocessor.
- External & Internal
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Bus
- A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part
of a computer to another
- Internal Bus(System Bus, Host bus) between internal computer
component to CPU & main memory
- Expansion Bus for expansion board(card) to CPU & main memory
- Performance : Bus size (with) (bit), Bus clock speed (MHz)
- Type : ISA(old), PCI, AGP, SCSI
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(Bus) Controller
- A device( a chip) that controls the transfer of data from a computer
to a peripheral device and vice versa
1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)
1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)
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AGP Bus
- Accelerated Graphics Port
- Based on PCI, but is designed especially for 3-D graphics
(Hit the market in 1997 by Intel)
- Graphics controller can directly access main memory. 3-D
textures to be stored in main memory rather than video
memory
- 32 bits wide and runs at 66 MHz per a channel ( toal
bandwidth of 266MB, 533MB, 1.07MB )
- System requirements : AGP supporting chipset, motherboard
with AGP bus slot, supporting operating system
1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)
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External Ports and
Peripheral Device
- A hardware port is a socket
designed to allow the
connection of extra devices,
often outside the system case.
- Ex. mouse, keyboard, monitor,
and printer
Types:
- PS2, USB, Parellel, Serial,
SCSI, Ethernet(RJ-45),
Firewire…
1.10 Considerations when buying Computers
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Computer Performance
- Type of CPU
- Clock speeds
- microprocessors of other components ( ex. Video card with its own
processor & memory)
- size of main memory
- Cache RAM in CPU, Hard disk, motherboard
- Storage( enough for supporting virtual memory)
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Usability
Software
Hardware Requirement
Network
Support
Upgradable
2. Operating Systems - continued
Software Levels
Microsoft Windows
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Dominant Desktop OS
MS-DOS : command line based operating system
Interface Manager (1981)
First announcement of Windows (1983) after Apple’s
Lisa
Windows 3.0 – complete overhaul of windows
environment (1990), Best selling OS
Client & server side division (1994-95) : Windows
NT(94)  2000, Windows 95  Me
Windows XP( home & pro) (2001)
New Features in XP
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Reliability
Performance enhancement
Better security
Easier to use
Better support for remote users
Improved networking and communication support
Better management and deployment tools
Help and support features
Unix
-a popular multi-user, multitasking operating system developed
at Bell Labs in the early 1970s
- one of the first operating systems to be written in a high-level
programming language(C)
- open source : shared source code
- a leading operating system for workstations (due to its
portability, flexibility, and power)
- Command line interface & Xwindow GUI
- Unix variations : SunOS, Solaris, Irix, DEC/OSF1, HP-UX10,
Linux
Linux
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a free operating system that runs on a multiple
hardware plaforms, based on Unix
first created by Linus Torvalds (1991).
Great advantage : free, supporting many platforms,
performance of commercial OS
Linux variations : GNU, Red Hat…
Full server side features ( multiuser, network..)
Issues in Multi-OS environmtent
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Data compatibility
different file system (Fat32/NTFs, HFS+, BSD)
Data transfer
need to use different method of FTP
User Interface
need to use interface emulator called ‘telnet’
Software availability & compatibility
Next Week ( Lab)
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Using Unix command
Telnet
FTP methods
Simple html editing
References
• IC3-1 Computing Fundamentals with Windows XP By GTS
Learning, GTSLearning, 2003
• The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture by
Linda Null and Julia Lobur, Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
2003
• Red Hat Linux 8 Bible by Christopher Negus, John Wiley &
Sons, 2002
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http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa060298.htm
http://www.softlord.com/comp/
http://members.fortunecity.com/pcmuseum/windows.htm
http://www.pcguide.com
http://webopedia.com