Transcript osd01
CS 6560 Operating System Design Lecture 1 Overview • • • • • 1.1 What is an operating system 1.2 History of operating systems 1.3 The operating system zoo 1.4 Computer hardware review 1.5 System Calls Some References Core References Computer System • A Computer System Consists of – Hardware • Internal: CPU, CPU support, memory, bus, adapters, disk drives • External: display, keyboard, disk drives, printers – Software • • • • Firmware Operating System Other System Software Application Programs A Computer System Applications Office Suite Compilers Operating System Web Browsers Interpreters Multimedia tools Editors Kernel Machine Language interface Hardware Microprogramming system Physical devices • A computer system consists of – hardware – system programs – application programs What is an Operating System • It is an extended machine – Hides the messy details which must be performed – Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use • It is a resource manager – Each program gets time with the resources – Each program gets space on the resources History of Computer Systems • First generation 1945 - 1955 – – – – • Second generation 1955 - 1965 – – – – – • Technology: transistors, punch cards Mainframes Languages: FORTRAN, COBOL, Jobs OS: batch systems, libraries Third generation 1965 – 1980 – – – – • Technology: vacuum tubes, plug boards Sign up for time, exclusive use of the machine Languages: none OS: no operating system Technology: Integrated Circuits Large mainframes and smaller machines (IBM 360 family) Minicomputers (DEC) OS: multiprogramming, large systems (multipart), batch and timesharing, emergence of Unix Fourth generation 1980 – present – – – Technology: Mass production of integrated circuits (chips and boards) Personal computers/servers/Internet OS: embedded -> supercomputer, CP/M -> Windows, PARC->Macintosh, Unix -> Linux/Solaris History of Operating Systems (2nd Generation) • Structure of a typical job – 2nd generation System Life Cycle • Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny (Ernst Haeckel, 1866) • Ontogeny = "the development of an individual organism from egg to maturity” • Recapitulates = “repeats” • Phylogeny = “the development over time of a kind of organism” The Operating System Taxonomy • • • • • • • • • Mainframe operating systems Server operating systems Multiprocessor operating systems Personal computer operating systems Real-time operating systems Embedded operating systems Smart card operating systems Virtual systems Clusters and grids Computer Insides Computer Hardware DVD/CD Disk Display Monitor Memory CPU Hard Disks Video Adapter Disk Controller Keyboard Keyboard Controller Mouse Mouse Controller Bus • Components of a typical computer Network Adapter Types of Devices • Categories – – – – – – – – CPU Memory Clock Bus control: Arbitration, Interrupt, DMA Block devices Character Memory mapped Networking • Performance • Wide range from 10 byes/sec (keyboard) to several hundred megabytes/sec (PCI bus) CPU Architecture • • • • • Memory Cache Instruction Decoding Arithmetic Logic Units Floating Point Unit Internal Buses Computer Hardware Review Structure of a Pentium-based system CPU Registers • • • • • Program counter Stack Pointer Program Status Word Data Address Computer Hardware - Memory One base-limit pair and two base-limit pairs Computer Hardware • Typical memory hierarchy – numbers shown are rough approximations Type Access Time Size Registers 1 nanosecond < 1KB Cache 2 nanoseconds 1 MB Main Memory 10 nanoseconds 256 MB - 4 GB Disk 10 microseconds 100 GB - 1 TB Tape 10 seconds 200 GB - ? Secondary and Third Level Storage Disks • Types – Magnetic (fixed and removable, internal and external, RAID) – Optical (CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD) • Interfaces – IDE, SCSI, USB, Fiber Channel, etc. • Recall basic structure – Cylinders, tracks, sectors – Issues: Cylinder skew, sector interleaving, virtual geometry, logical block addressing – Architecture • Integrated disk drive (drive with embedded computer system) • Bus-interface controller (interfaces between system bus and cable to integrated disk drive) Computer Hardware Review Structure of a disk drive Tanenbaum, MOS Examples of Disks Computer Hardware Review (a) (b) (a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt (b) How the CPU is interrupted Kernel-based Systems (Monolithic) System calls General Purpose Functions Process Management File Management Interprocess Communication Management Memory Management Device tables Device Drivers System Calls Some Win32 API calls Steps for System Call • • • • • • • • • 1-3) Push registers on stack 4) call library function 5) place function # in register (or stack) 6) execute TRAP instruction 7) dispatch to call handler 8) runs a handler 9) returns to library function 10) returns back to program 11) cleans up the stack Steps in Making a System Call There are 11 steps in making the system call read (fd, buffer, nbytes) Operating System Concepts • A process tree – A created two child processes, B and C – B created three child processes, D, E, and F Operating System Concepts Two processes connected by a pipe Operating System Concepts Typical file and directory system for a university department Operating System Concepts (a) A potential deadlock. (b) an actual deadlock.