Transcript Computer-Awareness-31

BANK EXAM ONLINE COACHING
Computer Awareness 3
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07 Software
08 Data Communication
09 Internet
10 Microsoft Windows
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Software
 Software means computer
instructions or data.
 Anything that can be
stored electronically is
software, in contrast to
storage devices and display
devices which are called
hardware.
 Software is often divided into
two categories
1. Systems software
2. Applications software
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System software:
 Includes the computer programs
that run a computer system itself
or that assist a computer in
running application programs.
 It also includes the
documentation that describes how
these programs operate.
 System software consists of:
1. Operating system
2. Utilities
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Operating System :
 An operating system (OS) is an
integrated set of specialized programs
which permit the continuous
operation of a computer from one
program to the next with the
minimum amount of operator
intervention.
 Through the OS the computer can
supervise its own operations by
automatically calling in the
application programs, translating any
other special service programs, and
managing the data to produce the
desired output.
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• Multiprogramming :
Multiprogramming is the process of
combining hardware and software
to create a situation in which more
than one program may be held in
main store at any one time.
• Multiprocessing :
Multiprocessing is the execution of
two or more different programs at
the same time.
• Loosely Coupled Multiprocessing:
In loosely coupled multiprocessing
a collection of relatively
autonomous systems are used.
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 Functionally Specialized
Processors: Such as an I/O
processor. There is a master,
general-purpose CPU.
 Tightly Coupled
Multiprocessing: In it a set
of processors share a common
memory. They are controlled
by the operating system.
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• Parallel Processing:
They are tightly coupled
multiprocessors that can
execute a job in parallel. A
number of desirable
features of a
comprehensive operating
system are:
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Job control language
Failure and recovery
File security
Logging
Scheduling
Monitoring system status
Multi-access control
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Utilities
These are programs or routines which carry out certain
procedures which are common to virtually all
applications. Utility software performs needed services
such as :
 Sorting records into a particular sequence for processing
 Merging several sorted files into a single large updated
file.
 Transferring date from one I/O device to another.
 Printing of files held on backing storage.
 Printing the contents of main memory.
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Data Communication
 Data communication is the
transmission of electronic data
over some media. The media
may be cables, microwaves.
 Four basic elements are needed
for any communication system
are:
A. Sender
B. Medium
C. Receiver
D. Protocols
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 Sender: The computer or device that is
used for sending data is called sender,
source or transmitter. In modern digital
communication system, the source is
usually a computer.
 Medium: The means through which
data is sent from one location to another
is called transmission medium.
 Receiver: The device or computer that
receives the data is called receiver. The
receiver can be a computer, printer or a
fax machine.
 Protocols: There are rules under which
data transmission takes place between
sender and receiver.
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Internet
 The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks
that use the standard Internet
protocol suite to link several
billion devices worldwide.
 It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private,
public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local
to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless,
and
optical
networking
technologies.
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How does Internet Work
 A computer network by definition allows
sharing of resources. Since all software
resources exist in computers in the form
of files of data, one of the key aspect in
network of many computers is to move
data between two specific computers.
 For such a communication, we require
the address of the destination for safe
means of moving data in the form of
electronic signals.
 As far as safe movement of data is
concerned, there exists a set of rules,
which govern the sending and receiving
of data on the Internet.
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Important terms to
remember:
 Connecting to Remote
Machine with Telnet : Telnet is
a program that allows an Internet host
computer to become a terminal of
another host on the Internet.
 Gopher : Gopher displays a set of
resources on the Internet in the form of
menus or lists of items.
 HTML :The Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) is a language used
for creating documents for the World
Wide Web.
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 SGML : Standard Generalised
Marken Language (SGML) is
used for defining the structure
and managing the contents of
any digital document.
 World Wide Web.: It is a
huge collection of hypertext pages
on the internet. It is one of the
most flexible and exciting tools in
existence for surfing the internet
 HTTP : Hypertext Transport
Protocol (HTTP) is used to
manage the links between one
hypertext document and another.
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 Home page : It is an initial
starting page. A home page on
the Internet may be related to a
single person, a specific subject,
or to a corporation, and is a
convenient jumping-off point to
other pages or resources.
 URL : Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) is a method of
,accessing Internet resources.
 Browser: An application
program used to explore Internet
resources.
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 Web browser: A World Wide
Web client application that lets
you look at hypertext documents
and follow links to other HTML
documents on the Web.
 Modem: Contraction of
modulator/demodulator; a
device that allows a computer to
transmit information over a
telephone line
 Internal modem: A
modem that plugs into the
expansion bus of a personal
computer.
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 External modem: A standalone modem separated from the
computer and connected by a serial
cable.
 modem: In communication, a
popular file transfer protocol is
available in many' off-the-shelf and
shareware communications
packages, as well as on many
bulletin boards these are modems.
 Y-modem: Y-modem, a variation
of the X-modem protocol, divides
the data for the transmission into
blocks; each block consists of the
start-of-header character, a block
number, 1 K of data, and a
checksum.
.
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 Z-modem: Z-modem is
similar to X-modem and Ymodem but is designed to
handle larger data transfer
with fewer errors.
 Post : An individual article or
e-mail message sent to a
USENET newsgroup or to a
mailing list, rather than to a
specific individual.
 Uudecode : To convert a
text file created by the Unix
uudecode utility back into its
original binary form.
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Microsoft Windows
 Microsoft Windows is a series
of graphical interface operating
systems developed, marketed,
and sold by Microsoft.
 Microsoft introduced an
operating environment named
Windows on November 20,
1985 as a graphical operating
system shell for MSDOS
in response to the growing
interest in graphical user
interfaces.
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