Transcript ITED 328 Spring 2004

PTTE 428
Fall 2005
Loosely covering chapters 1 & 2
of the text.
PTTE 428
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Fall 2005
Announcements:
Lab to do installation of Linux will take
place in Room 101 in the basement
level of the CHE Building.
 We are covering Chapters 1 & 2 tonight
 Class Website is at this URL:
http://www.if.uidaho.edu/~nimsrj/
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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PTTE 428
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Fall 2005
U of I Announcements
University Place 5K Run / Walk
 Now need a U of I computer account to
use Lab computers : $25.00 a
semester.
 University Place Library will support
both ISU and U of I students.
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Fall 2005
Go over Syllabus
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hand out a hard copy !
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Books: will be available in the Book
Store by next week ( I hope).
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Who are we and what are our
backgrounds ?
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Fall 2005
Chapter 1
Everyone should have a working
knowledge of how to use a computer.
 What is a computer ?
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• Input, performs processes, output
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Fall 2005
Important stuff to know:
I take questions from the book for tests
so even if not assigned, it is good to go
over the review questions.
 We will be building a PC and loading the
Linux operating system on it this
semester
 A common lab time needs to be
determined.
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Chapter 1
 Name some common types of
computers..........
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Minicomputer
Microcomputer
Personal computer
Desktop computer
Laptop computer
Notebook
computer
PDA
23 Aug 2005
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Workstation
computer
Play station
computer
Mainframe
computer
Super computer
Server computer
Chapters 1 & 2
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Types of software that runs on a
computer…..
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Operating system software
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Name some…..
Network software
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Name some…..
Application software
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Name some…..
Security software
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Name some……
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Internet :
Has a connection: name some types
 Uses ISP ( Internet Service Providers)
 Requires passwords and User IDs.
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Fall 2005
The WWW….(aka “the web”)
Web pages
 Web sites
 URLs
 Search engines .. Name some popular
ones
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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E-Mail
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What can you do with email?
• Read, write, reply
• Attachments
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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23 Aug 2005
Fall 2005
What is the boot process ?
Chapters 1 & 2
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General steps in the boot process:
Power-up
 Start boot program
 Power on self test (POST)
 Identify peripheral devices
 Load the operating system
 Configuration and customization
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Next :
Chapter 2 Computer Hardware
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Data Representation
Digital and Analog Data
 What is digital data ?
 What is analog data ?
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Analog data is based on voltage
levels.
 Is a continuous electronic signal.
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analog signals typically vary smoothly
and continuously over time.
Where are analog signals used ?
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Transmission systems
Commuincations
 Electric Power Distribution
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• AC or alternating current
23 Aug 2005
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Digital data is either “on” or “off”.
 Is a series of discreet points in time
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present at discrete points in time only.
Present day computers deal with
only digital data.
 Everything is binary….
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Decimal numbers are
base 10.
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Octal numbers are
base 8. 0-8.
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(HEX) Hexadecimal
numbers are base 16,
0-9, A, B,C,D,E,F.
Always start counting
at zero.
Binary numbers are
base 2, only 2 values
0 or 1.
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Powers of 2
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2^0=1
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2^1=2
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2^2=4
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2^3=8
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2 ^ 4 = 16
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2 ^ 5 = 32
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2 ^ 6 = 64
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2 ^ 7 = 128
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2 ^ 8 = 512
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2 ^ 9 = 1024
23 Aug 2005
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Bit positions in a
binary number
correspond to the
powers of 2.
Chapters 1 & 2
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1)
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100 in base 10 = ? in binary
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Example Problem:
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1)
100 in base 10 = ? in binary
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100 - 64 = 36
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36 - 32 = 4
23 Aug 2005
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2) 10101 in base 2 ( binary) = ? in
decimal
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Example Problem:
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2) 10101 in base 2 ( binary) = ? in decimal
Bit position :
16 8 4 2 1
What is really there: 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= ?
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Devices typically found within a
desktop computer system:
 Memory devices
 Motherboards
 I/O Devices
 Network cards
 Storage devices
23 Aug 2005
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Name some memory devices….
 Name some CPU Chips……
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All these are made from IC’s.
23 Aug 2005
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Name some storage devices….
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Name some I/O devices…..
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Operating Instructions or “Op
Codes” are a word or acronym used
in assembly language to represent a
binary machine instruction operation
code. Different processors have
different instruction set and
therefore use a different set of
mnemonics to represent them.
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Based on a CPU’s Internal lay out.
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Registers, clock cycles, flags, bus size,
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MAIN FUNCTIONS of an OPERATING SYSTEM:
Program execution
I/O operation
File System manipulation
Communications
Error Detection
Resource allocation
Accounting
Protection
23 Aug 2005
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SYSTEM CALLS
Process control
 File management
 Device management
 Information maintenance
 Communications
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23 Aug 2005
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Fact to remember:
 When a program is running, it is
called a “Process”.
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SYSTEM Programs|
 File management
 Status information
 File modification
 Programming language support
 Program loading and execution
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23 Aug 2005
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Most computers these days use a
layered approach to system design.
See the examples on
the handout!
31 Aug 2005
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An Operating System is…..
31 Aug 2005
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An Operating System is….. the
master controller for all activities
that take place within a computer
Classified as system software
 System software is used by the system
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31 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Common Operating Systems:
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Microsoft Windows
• Windows XP
• Windows CE
Palm OS
 Mac OS
 Linux
 Unix
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31 Aug 2005
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Application Software is ….
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Application Software is a set of one or
more computer programs that helps a
person carry out a task such as:
• Create, edit, and print documents
• Manage money accounts
• Create and edit home movies
• Create and edit graphics
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Application software is typically used by
people.
31 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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A microprocessor is an integrated
circuit designed to process instructions
Central Processing Unit or CPU
CPU has two parts
ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
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Performs arithmetic operations
Performs logical operations
Uses registers to hold data being processed
The CPU’s control unit directs and coordinates
processing.
31 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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The microprocessor executes instructions
provided by a computer program
• The Instruction Set
• Example of the 8086 Intel
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CPU speed is influenced by several
factors:
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Clock speed – Megahertz, Gigahertz
Word size
Cache – Level 1, Level 2 caches
instruction set size
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Can have CISC & RISC instruction
sets.
 Can process serially, or in parallel.
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Benchmarking done to rate CPUs.
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Storage Devices - floppy disk drive, a
hard drive, zip drive, or a CD-ROM.
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Storage Medium - disk, tape, CD, DVD,
paper or other substance that contains
data.
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Storing – aka writing, saving.
Retrieveing- aka reading,loading ,
opening.
Magnetic storage - stores data by
magnetizing microscopic particles on the
disk or tape surface
Read-write head - mechanism in the
disk drive that reads and writes
magnetized particles that represent data
23 Aug 2005
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What’s the difference between
magnetic and optical storage
technologies?
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Which storage technology is best?
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Versatility
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Durability
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Can access data from different media
Less susceptible to damage
Storage capacity - maximum amount of data that can be stored on a
storage medium
Speed - measured by access time and data transfer rate
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Access time - average time it takes a computer to locate data and read it
• millisecond = one-thousandth of a second
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Random access - ability of a device to jump directly to the track or sector
holding the data
• floppy disk, hard drive, CD, DVD, zip disks
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Hard Disks – many flavors Ultra ATA,
EIDE, SCSI, and DMA.
 Tape Storage- manly for backup,
not the primary storage. Accessed
sequentially.
 Disadvantages ?
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23 Aug 2005
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CD-ROM :
Data stamped on when manufactured
Coated with clear plastic, durable
Estimated life exceeds 500 years
Inexpensive to manufacture
Ideal for distribution of large files
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) allows you to write on a CD, then
change the data
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Requires special CD-RW disks
Requires special CD-RW drive
Requires phase change technology - alters the crystal structure on the disk
surface
Slower access than a hard drive, good for archiving.
23 Aug 2005
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DVD (digital video disc or digital versatile disc)
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DVD-ROM disk (sometimes used for DVD-Video)
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Log on to web & see what are the current speeds & capacities of CDROMS, DVDs
23 Aug 2005
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Input and Output Devices
Data Bus
 I/O
 Expansion bus
 Expansion slot, Expansion card
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23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Types of expansion slots:
• ISA - older technology, modems and slow devices
• PCI - for graphics, sound, video, modem or network
cards
• AGP - for graphics cards
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Types of expansion cables:
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Serial
Parallel DB-25M
USB
SCSI
IEEE
Video or VGA
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Graphics Card supports displays on
monitor. Drives the monitor
• CRT
• LCD’s
• VIS – Viewable Size Image
• Dot Pitch smaller dots pitch = crisper image
• Resolution # of pixels Rows X Columns.
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Parameters to consider….
• Color depth - number of colors that can be displayed at one time
• Passive matrix screen - relies on timing to make sure the liquid crystal
cells are illuminated
• Active matrix screen - updates rapidly
• Essential for crisp display of animation, video
• Found on newer notebooks
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SVGA - (Super video graphics array) = 800x600
XGA - (eXtended graphics array) = 1024x768
SXGA - (Super XGA) = 1280x1024
UXGA - (Ultra XGA) = 1600x1200
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Printers…
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Resolution dpi ( dots per inch)
Print Speed (ppm or cps)
Printer cost
• Duty cycle
• Average Per copy cost
• Warranty
23 Aug 2005
Chapters 1 & 2
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Type of printers
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Solid Ink : melts then sprays
Ink Jet : sprays liquid
Thermal transfer: wax coated paper
Dye sublimation: dye coated ribbon
Laser : same technology as photocopiers
Dot Matrix: low cost, dependable
23 Aug 2005
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