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System Integration TOP 10!~ TOP 10 • 1. Motherboards and Form Factors (& Manuals) • 2. I/O ports (Serial, Parallel, Ps/2, USB, USB, RJ-45, Sound, Video, etc.) • 3. Architecture (Bus bridges and chipsets) • 4. Power supply • 5. Boot-Up • 6. SATA • 7. CPU Slots and Sockets • 8. Memory • 9. Cooling and Case • 10. AGP, PCI, PCIe ISA 1. Motherboards and Form Factors (& Manuals) • The form factor of a motherboard refers to its general shape and size. • The Motherboard specifies what type of components: – CPU, Memory, Hard Drives, Case, Power Supply, and Expansion Slots (ISA, PCI, AGP, etc.) will be used. 1. Motherboards and Form Factors (& Manuals) 1. Motherboards and Form Factors (& Manuals) 2. I/O ports (Serial, Parallel, Ps/2, USB, USB, RJ-45, Sound, Video, etc.) 3. Architecture (Bus bridges and chipsets) 4. Power supply Corsair HX1000W Power Supply Price Range: $232.99 $301.15 Manufacturer: PC Power & Cooling Price: $200 US 5. Boot-Up • • • • • • Key point: For a program to run, it MUST reside in main memory. Boot-up is the process that gets the OS from the HDD into RAM. As soon as the computer is turned on, the basic input-output system (BIOS) on your system's read-only memory (ROM) chip is "woken up" and takes charge. 1 BIOS first does a power-on self test (POST) to make sure all the computer's components are operational. Then the BIOS's boot program looks for the special boot programs that will actually load the operating system onto the hard disk. 2 First, it looks at a specific place where operating system boot files are located (Hard-Drive, CD, Drive A, depending on how it’s set up). 3 Having identified the drive where boot files are located, BIOS next looks at the first sector (a 512-byte area) and copies information from it into specific locations in RAM. This information is known as the boot record or Master Boot Record. 4 It then loads the boot record into a specific place (hexadecimal address 7C00) in RAM. 5. Boot-Up • 5 The boot record contains a program that BIOS now branches to, giving the boot record control of the computer. • 6 The boot record loads the initial system file (for example, for DOS systems, IO.SYS) into RAM from the diskette or hard disk. • 7 The initial file (for example, IO.SYS, which includes a program called SYSINIT) then loads the rest of the operating system into RAM. (At this point, the boot record is no longer needed and can be overlaid by other data.) 5. Boot-Up • 8 The initial file (for example, SYSINIT) loads a system file (for example, MSDOS.SYS) that knows how to work with the BIOS. • 9 One of the first operating system files that is loaded is a system configuration file (for DOS, it was called CONFIG.SYS). Information in the configuration file tells the loading program which specific operating system files need to be loaded (for example, specific device driver. • 10 Another special file that is loaded is one that tells which specific applications or commands the user wants to have included or performed as part of the boot process. In DOS, this file was named AUTOEXEC.BAT. In Windows, it's called WIN.INI. • 11 After all operating system files have been loaded, the operating system is given control of the computer and performs requested initial commands and then waits for the first interactive user input. 6. SATA Older motherboards had Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) or Advanced Technology Attachment ATA connections between motherboard and HDD, CD-ROM 6. SATA 6. SATA 6. SATA 7. CPU Slots and Sockets • Older motherboards used Slots for CPU interface • Intel Pentium II Processor 233MHz-366MHz. • Slot 1 Socket for Future Expansion. 7. CPU Slots and Sockets Athlon 64 FX-62 Specifications 7. CPU Slots and Sockets 8. Memory • 8. Memory 9. Cooling and Case 9. Cooling and Case 10. AGP, PCI, PCIe ISA The white slots in this photo are PCI slots. While quite useful for a number of various expansion cards, video cards have long outgrown this connector type 10. AGP, PCI, PCIe ISA This is a typical AGP slot. (Brown) 10. AGP, PCI, PCIe ISA The blue and black slots on this motherboard are PCI-Express 16x slots. The small white slots are PCI-Express 1x slots. Note that they are reverse of PCI and slightly offset. This prevents improper installation of devices.