Transcript High Middle Ages16

High Middle Ages
1000-1300
A Time of Dramatic Growth and Change
Improved Farming Methods
–
–
–
Heavy (Iron) Plow – cut
deeper into the soil and
produced better harvests
Horses replaced oxen
teams for plowing – able to
clear more land, grow more
crops
Three field system –
immediate increase in
harvest – 2 planted, 1
fallow
Increased food supply;
First major population
increase since the
collapse of the Roman
Empire.
Growth of Towns
–
–
–
Creation of a new group of people: the middle class
(merchants, bankers)
Rise of money economy: more practical ways to
trade goods; moneychangers exchange currencies;
begins to replace feudal services.
Trade was the key to a town’s growth and survival.
(best location)
• Sanitation was a
major problem.
• Trash and waste
was thrown out
doors or windows.
Dramatic increase
in diseases.
Development of Guilds to control
trade within the town.
–
–
–
The Guild was formed as a
group of people who worked
the same job.
Their main functions were to
enforce standards of quality
and set prices.
The Guild was open only to
proved masters of the trade.
Young men would train as an
apprentice with a master for 3
to 10 years.
APPRENTICE -> JOURNEYMAN
-> MASTER
Age of Faith
During the High Middle Ages, a new spirit invaded the
church in Europe and brought about a spiritual
revival in the clergy. Filled with new energy, the
church began restructuring itself and started
massive building programs to create new
places of worship.
Task #1: Using your text, identify reforms that
were implemented by the church. Why was
the church so ready for reform? Identify
and Explain.
What in the battle scene reflects
Christendom and the Age of
Faith?
Great Schism – 1054 C.E.
• Split between the Roman Catholic Church
in the West and the Eastern Orthodox
Church in the East
CRUSADES
The Age of Faith also inspired wars of
conquest.
Crusades: series of military expeditions to
“rescue” the Holy Land from the Muslims.
FIRST CRUSADE: Pope Urban II asked for a
volunteer army in 1095; promised
immediate salvation in heaven if they were
killed.
Pilgrimage or Holy War?
Age of Faith
Task #2a: Read each document provided.
Answer the guiding questions that
accompany each document.
Task #2b: Based on the documents of your
group members, create a chart of reasons
the Crusades were launched and effects
of the Crusades.
GOALS:
• Pope – increase his power; reunite the church
• Knights – win glory in battle, gain riches/ land/
title, “Fight”, adventure, remission of sins
• Peasants – freedom from feudal bonds;
immediate salvation in heaven if they were killed
freeing the Holy Land from the non-Christians
• Merchants – win control of trade & money
• 30,000 people left Western Europe from
1096-1099 and conquered Jerusalem in
June 1099.
• Most Muslims and Jews were slaughtered.
• Jerusalem would be captured 50 years
later by Muslims. Nine more Crusades
would be taken but none were successful.
• OUTCOMES:
– Failed to take long
term control of
Holy Lands
– decline of papal
prestige
– decline in the power of
the nobles
– decrease in the power
of the eastern Roman
empire
– increase in religious
intolerance
– increase in trade!
(goods from far east,
learning, technology)
Age of Faith
Task #3: Answer the following as a group…
What role did the Crusades play in changing the
church, the revival of its people, and the
deterioration of its relationship with the
Muslim world?
Age of Faith
• What does Thomas
Aquinas mean by
this?
• What would make him
feel this way?
• To whom might he be
speaking?
Revival of Learning
• Contact through the Crusades with Muslim
and Byzantine scholars ushered the
exchange of knowledge of ancient
philosophy, science, law, math, medicine,
and technology – particularly navigational
and weapons technology.
• Universities arise (Paris, Bologna, Oxford)
• Scholasticism – St. Thomas Aquinas
– Proving religious truths through logical
argument.
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
– 1337: Fr. King Philip VI seized Gascony which
belonged to the English king Edward III 
declared war on France
– Peasant foot soldiers won more battles than
knights because of their use of the powerful
longbow
Battles
– Crecy: (1346)
– Agincourt: (1415)
– Orleans: (1429) Joan
of Arc
– Aquitane: (1453)
French victory
• Gave rise to the concept
of a nation-state!
– Loyalty to state rather than
leader
Power struggle between
Church and states
• Pope Boniface VIII declares supremacy
• Pope is “kidnapped,” taken to Avignon
(1307-1377)
• 1378-1417 – GREAT SCHISM – 2 popes
• Leads to decline in Church power
The Black Death
(Bubonic Plague)
• Brought to Europe by
Italian traders in 1347
• Carried by fleas,
spread by rats
• Symptoms:
– Fever, chills
– Swollen buba
– Rotting flesh
• Killed 1/3 to ½ of
Europe’s Population
• Created a labor
shortage which led to
increased wages for
survivors
• Disrupted trade
• Decline of Feudalism