Transcript World History

Bellwork
• In the last lesson, what occurred to
Charlemagne’s empire? What affect did this
have on their government system?
World History
Middle Ages pt. 1
Middle Ages Europe
Objectives
• Compare the Middle Ages system of feudalism to the
Japanese style of feudalism.
• Describe the new social stratification system formed in
Medieval Europe
• Explain the role of Chivalry in everyday life of a knight
• Examine the manor system and the purposes behind it.
• Describe the extent of power by the church in medieval
Europe.
• Identify role the Church took in medieval Europe, such
as handling certain laws.
• Describe the relationship between the Holy Roman
Empire and other authority figures.
• Identify the region that made up the Holy Roman
Empire
Invasions
• Between 800 and 1000,
invasions completely
destroyed the
Carolingian Empire.
– Muslims seized Sicily and
raided Italy.
– Magyar invaders struck
from the east and
terrorized Germany and
Italy.
– Vikings sailed from the
north and terrorized all
of Europe.
Vikings
• The Vikings hailed from
Scandinavia, which was
north of Eastern Europe.
• They were Germanic
peoples, who were often
called Northmen or
Norsemen, who
worshipped warlike gods
and took pride in
nicknames like “Eric
Bloodaxe” and
“Thorfinn Skullsplitter”.
Vikings
• Vikings carried out raids
extremely quickly before
help could arrive.
• They struck and then
headed out to sea again
and by the time troops
arrived, they were usually
gone.
• Vikings ventured far
beyond Europe and went
into Russia, to
Constantinople, and even
across water into the
North Atlantic.
Vikings were not only warriors,
but also traders, farmers, and
explorers.
Vikings
• Around 1000, Viking
terror faded away.
• The Vikings gradually
accepted Christianity
and stopped raiding
monasteries.
• As well, a warming trend
in Europe made farming
easier in Scandinavia
and this caused many
Scandinavians to stop
raiding other villages.
Map of Viking
Explorations
Effects of Invasions
• The invasions caused western Europeans to
fear for their lives.
• Central authority proved powerless to help
them and they looked to local leaders– who
had armies-- for protection.
• These local leaders often had armies and
those who could defend their lands
attracted followers and gained strength.
Question: How is this similar to the lords in Japan?
Structured Society begins
• In 911, Rollo, a Viking leader, had been
plundering the lands of Charles the Simple, of
France.
• Charles gave Rollo a huge piece of French
territory (present-day Normandy), and, in
return, Rollo pledged his allegiance to Charles.
• Between 850 and 950– during the worst years
of attack– many leaders made similar
agreements to that of Charles and Rollo.
Question: What was Japanese feudalism based on the
control or trade of?
Structured Society
• The system of governing
and landholding called
feudalism– the exchange of
military protection and
services for land- emerged
in Europe.
• The granted land was
called a fief.
• The giver of land was the
lord and the person
receiving this land is called
a vassal. Feudalism
depended on the control of
land.
Feudal Pyramid
King
$ Increases
Lord
Population
Increases
Nobles
Knights
Peasants
Feudal System
• Relationships between various lords and
vassals were never clear cut and, in some
cases, one noble might have several lords
who gave them land.
• In some cases, the feudal system was often a
complex tangle of conflicting loyalties.
Social Classes
• In the feudal system, status was determined
by prestige and power.
• Medieval writers classified people into three
groups:
1. Those who fought (nobles and knights)
2. Those who prayed (those of the Church)
3. Those who worked (peasants)
• Social class was usually inherited.
Social classes
• In Europe during the
Middle Ages, the vast
majority of people were
peasants, and others were
serfs– people who could
not lawfully leave the
place where they were
born.
• Though bound to the
land, serfs were not slaves.
– Lords could not buy or sell
serfs, but all the wealth the
lord had came from the
serfs.
Manor System
• The manor was the lord’s estate and was the
basic economic arrangement.
• The lord provided the serfs with housing,
strips of farmland, and protection from
bandits.
• In return, serfs tended the lords land, cared
for his animals, and performed other tasks
for the estate.
Manor System
• All peasants, whether free or
serf, owed a lord certain
duties.
• These included a few days
labor each week and a certain
portion of their grain.
• A manor usually covered only
a few square miles of land
and consisted of the lords
manor house, a church and
some workshops.
• Fields, pastures, and forests
surrounded the village and
some streams ran through
manors, providing fish, which
was an important source of
food.
Manor System
• The manor was largely a self-sufficient
community.
• The serfs and peasants produced nearly
everything that they or their lord needed.
• The only outside purchases were salt, iron,
and a few unusual objects and millstones,
which were used to grind flour.
The Manor System
Notice how almost
everything the
people would need
is in a localized
area. Rarely did
people leave.
Question: If the
manor was largely
self-sufficient,
what do you think
happened to trade
in much of
Europe?
Manor Life
• For the privilege of living on the lords land, peasants
paid a high price.
• They paid a tax on all grain ground in the lords mill
and any attempt to dodge taxes was treated as a
crime.
• Peasants also could only get married with the lord’s
consent and had to pay a tax on marriage.
• After all these payments to the lord, peasant
families owed the village priest a tithe, or church tax
which represented one-tenth of their income.
Feudal Life
• Despite their hardships, serfs accepted their
lot in life as part of the church’s teachings.
Question: Why might serf’s have been so accepting of their
position in life?
• They, like most Christians at the time,
believed that God determined their place in
society.
Women
• The Church viewed
women as inferior to
men.
• In contrast, however, the
idea of romantic love
placed noblewomen on
a pedestal where they
could be worshipped.
• A true knight (as we will
see in the next lesson)
pledged to protect all
women.
Women
• However, as feudalism developed, women’s
status actually declined.
• Their roles became increasingly limited to
the home and convent.
• For the vast majority of women, their lives
remained unchanged for centuries.
Break
1. What is feudalism?
2. Consider the times:
why would feudalism
have been better for
people considering
the amount of raids
by nomadic peoples?
Setting the stage
• During the Middle Ages, nobles constantly
fought one another.
• Their feuding kept Europe fragmented and
people valued violence.
• By the 1100s, however, a code of behavior
arose and high ideals guided warriors and
glorified their roles.
Soldiers
• Mounted soldiers
became valuable in
combat during the reign
of Charlemagne’s
grandfather, Charles
Martel.
• Charles Martel had
often observed the
usefulness of cavalries in
other armies, and began
to organize his troops of
armored horsemen, or
knights.
Technology
• The leather saddle and
stirrup reached Europe
by the 700s AD.
• With the use of this
technology, knights
became firmly placed
on their horses.
Role of the Knight
• Lords rewarded knights,
their most skilled
warriors, with fiefs.
• Wealth from the fiefs
allowed knights to focus
on war and pay for the
cost of weapons, armor,
and warhorses.
• As the lords vassal, a
knights main obligation
was to serve in battle.
Chivalry
• Early in the Middle
Ages, knights were
expected to display
courage and loyalty to
their lord.
• By the 1100s, the code of
chivalry demanded that
a knight fight bravely for
three masters:
1.
2.
3.
Feudal lord
Heavenly lord
Chosen Lady
Chivalry
• A chivalrous knight
protected the weak
and poor and the ideal
knight was loyal,
brave, and courteous.
– Most knights did not
meet these standards.
They often treated the
lower classes brutally.
Question: How is chivalry
similar to the code of
honor that Samurai live by,
bushido?
Glory
• Sons of nobles began to
train for knighthood at a
early age and learned
the code of chivalry.
• After being dubbed a
knight, most young men
traveled with
companions and gained
experience fighting in
local wars.
• Some knights took part
in mock battles called
tournaments which
combined recreation
with combat training.
Warfare
• By 1100s, stone castles were encircled by
massive walls and guard towers.
• These castles dominated much of the
countryside in western Europe.
• The castle was the home of the lord and
lady, knights and other men-at-arms, and
servants.
– It was also a fortress, designed for defense.
Warfare
• A castle siege was a gory
sight.
• Attacking armies used a
wide array of strategic
weapons to force castle
residents to surrender.
• Defenders of a castle
poured boiling water,
hot oil, or molten lead
on attackers.
• Expert archers were
stationed on the roof of
the castle and could fire
with deadly precision
using crossbows.
Literature of Chivalry
• While the battles were gory,
medieval literature
downplayed the brutality of
knighthood and feudal
warfare.
• Feudal lords and their ladies
listened to epic poems that
recounted the deeds and
adventures of many heroic
knights and legendary
heroes such as King Arthur
and Charlemagne.
• In many poems, the hero’s
difficulties resulted from a
conflict between duty to his
lady and lord.
Authority
• While medieval life
centered around the
great deeds of knights
and heroic tales, behind
the scenes lay the
Church.
• The Church, as we will
see in the next part,
controlled or influenced
practically every aspect
of medieval life.
Quick Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What was “feudalism” and why might it have been beneficial to
the Europeans at the time (consider why it might have been
created).
What two technologies allowed medieval Europeans to invest
more in horseback warriors? How did they make horseback
riding more efficient?
How did knights practice their military skills?
Who were a knights “three masters”?
What five groups made up the pyramid of the feudal system?
What did the vassal provide for the lord in return for land?
Why did serfs– along with everyone else in society– accept
their role in life?
How is warfare for a knight different from the literature
describing their lives?
Break
Take two minutes to breathe.
The Church
• While weak central
governments took over in
feudal Europe, the Church
emerged as a powerful
institution.
• It shaped the lives of all
people and united them
together under a single
belief system.
• In crowning Charlemagne
in 800 A.D., the Church
sought to influence both
spiritual and political
matters.
The Church
• Like the feudal system,
the Church established
it’s own organization.
• At the top of the Church
was the Pope, then the
bishops, and priests.
– Bishops also settled
disputes over Church
teachings and religious
practices.
– For most people,
however, it was their local
priest who served as their
main contact with the
church.
The Church
• Feudalism and the
manor system separated
people from one
another.
• However, shared beliefs
in the Church united
people.
• The Church gave
Christians with a sense
of security and a
religious community.
The Church
• While the Church was important to early
Christians, their everyday lives were still harsh.
• However, regardless of their lives, all people
followed the same path to “salvation”–
everlasting life in heaven.
• People were even able to enjoy certain
holidays– Christmas and Easter– and become a
part of their community through the Church.
Church Justice
• The scope of the
Church’s authority was
both religious and
political.
• The Church provided a
unifying set of
spiritual beliefs and
rituals and even
created a system of
justice to guide
people’s conduct.
Church Justice
• All medieval Christians–
no matter their social
class– were subject to
canon law or the law of
the church.
• The Church also
established courts to try
people who were
accused of violating
canon law.
– Two of the most serious
punishments were
excommunication and
interdict.
Church Justice
• Excommunication was
the banishment from
the Church.
• For example, if a king
opposed the Pope, he
could be
excommunicated.
• A king, in this instance,
would fear their
salvation and would lose
power over their vassals.
The Holy Roman Empire
Keep in mind
that the Empire
is made up of
many more
territories.
We’ll discuss
more in a
moment.
The Holy Roman Empire
• After the death of Charlemagne, the Holy
Roman Empire was the strongest kingdom that
arose from the ruins of Charlemagne’s empire.
• When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne
emperor in 800, he unknowingly set the stage
for future conflicts between the pope and
emperors.
– As we will see, the rise of the Holy Roman Empire
was filled with conflicts.
The Holy Roman Empire
• The most effective
medieval ruler of
Germany was Otto I or
Otto the Great.
• He was crowned king in
936 and copied the
policies of Charlemagne.
• For example, he created
a strong alliance with
the Church such as by
supporting the bishops
and abbots– leaders of
monasteries.
Otto was not directly related to
Charlemagne’s grandchildren, but his
family were power nobles who were elected
into their positions.
The Holy Roman Empire
• Following in Charlemagne’s footsteps, Otto
invaded Italy on the pope’s behalf.
– The pope was concerned about the growing
power of the Italian kingdom, who he feared he
could not control.
• When Otto successfully attacked Italy, the
pope crowned him the new Holy Roman
Emperor.
The Holy Roman Empire
• The German-Italian
emperor created the
Roman Empire of the
German Nation.
• It later became known as
the Holy Roman Empire
and continued to be the
strongest state in Europe
until around 1100.
• However, Otto’s attempt to
revive Charlemagne’s
empire caused trouble for
future German leaders.
Before we continue
• Lets review:
1.
2.
3.
The Holy Roman Empire is, as
mentioned before, a larger
territory made up of smaller
territories.
The Kingdom of Germany
(dark blue to the right) is just
one kingdom that is part of
the whole empire.
The Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire is only
Emperor when the Pope
appoints him and rules over
the whole of the empire
(including territories within).
a)
So there may be many kings,
but only one emperor and one
Pope at any given time.
Clashes
• Overtime, the Church began to resent the
control that kings exercised over clergy and
their offices.
• The focus of their resentment was lay
investiture– a ceremony in which kings and
nobles appoint church officials.
• Whoever controlled lay investiture wielded
the real power in naming bishops.
Clashes
• Bishops were the
powerful clergy in
which kings sought
and church reformers
felt that the bishops
should not be under
the power of any king.
• In this, in 1075, Pope
Gregory VII banned
lay investiture.
Clashes
• In this, a young German emperor, Henry IV,
immediately called a meeting of the
German bishops he appointed.
• With their approval, the emperor sent a
vicious letter to Gregory, calling him a “false
monk” and ordered him to step down from
the papacy.
Clashes
• Gregory fired back and
excommunicated Henry.
• Henry sought the pope’s
forgiveness.
• Henry journeyed over the
alps into the town of
Canossa (kuh-nas-uh)
where he went to the
castle which the pope
resided.
• The Pope was obliged to
forgive any sinner, but
Gregory kept Henry
waiting for three days
before ending his
excommunication.
Clashes
• While Henry was
forgiven, the issue of lay
investiture was
unsolved.
• Henry went back to his
land to punish those
who opposed him and
Gregory gained a victory
by humiliating a proud
ruler.
• In other words, the
situation solved
nothing.
Clashes
• Henry and Gregory’s successors continued
to fight over lay investiture until 1122.
• That year, the representatives of the church
and the emperor met in the German city of
Wurms.
• There, they reached a compromise called
the Concordat of Wurms.
Clashes
• This agreement stated only
the Church could grant
bishops their ring and staff–
symbols of church authority.
• However, the emperor had
the veto power to prevent the
appointment of the bishop.
• With this, the investiture
crisis was over, but
strengthening the German
states would be another
challenge for the churchly
kingdom.
The Church
• Despite the power of the Holy Roman
Empire– and the fact that it was the center
of western European Christianity– it began
to weaken by the 1100s.
• As we will see in future lessons, despite
Christianity staying powerful, the Roman
Catholic Church would steadily lose
influence as the Middle Ages begins to
wane.
Closure
• In your notebook, I want you to reflect on
two questions:
– How powerful was the Church during Middle
Ages Europe? What evidence do you see that
supports your claim?
– Why do you think the Church was so powerful?
Review Objectives
• Compare the Middle Ages system of feudalism to the
Japanese style of feudalism.
• Describe the new social stratification system formed in
Medieval Europe
• Explain the role of Chivalry in everyday life of a knight
• Examine the manor system and the purposes behind it.
• Describe the extent of power by the church in medieval
Europe.
• Identify role the Church took in medieval Europe, such as
handling certain laws.
• Describe the relationship between the Holy Roman
Empire and other authority figures.
• Identify the region that made up the Holy Roman Empire
Questions
• If you have any questions, please ask now.
Next lesson
• In the next lesson we will be discussing the
a change in Church organization and the
Crusades.
Review
Read the handout “Medieval Church” and
answer the question at the bottom:
In one page, provide evidence from the
reading that illustrates the power of the
church in medieval Europe.