Transcript Middle Ages - Persinski`s History Class

Middle Ages
Early, High, and Late
Objectives
• Discuss the major developments of the
Early Middle Ages.
• Discuss the major events of the High
Middle Ages.
• Identify and Discuss events of the Late
Middle Ages.
EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY
MIDDLE AGES, 750-1000
I. The World of the Carolingians
A. Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (768-814) “kingdom of Europe”
1. Empire expanded to cover much of western and central Europe—a
feat that won’t be achieved again until Napoleon. Forced conversion.
2. Governing the Empire-nobles, counts, and missi dominici,
improved-but inefficient due to distance, church reform
3. Charlemagne as Emperor—”Emperor of the Romans,” crowned by
Pope Leo III. Now defender of the papacy and equal to the Byzantine
emperor, and symbolized a fusion of Roman, Christian, and Germanic
elements. Father of Europe or New Roman empire?
B. The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal or “Carolingian Renaissance”
1. Preservation of classical Latin studies in new texts made of
parchment or sheepskin, written in Carolingian miniscule, copied by
Carolingian monks.
2. Palace school—Alcuin served as an adviser on ecclesiastical affairs
and leadership. Concentrated on teaching classical Latin and the liberal
arts—basis for all medieval education.
3. Kept the classical heritage alive and maintained the intellectual life
of the Catholic Church.
The
Crowning of
Charlemagne
II. Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
A. Charlemagne’s death
1. Son-Louis the Pious
2. Treaty of Verdun divided the empire among
Charles the Bald, Louis the German, and Lothar (the
“Middle Kingdom”). Struggles over land and the
emergence of two distinct cultures would disintegrate the
empire.
B. Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
1. Muslims (Spain) and Magyars-from western Asia
(Hungary)-Christianized by 10th century
2. The Vikings*-final wave of German migration;
assimilated into European civilization and Christianized
by 10th c.; led to locals searching for protection from
landed aristocrats ad the emergence of vasalage.
Treaty of Verdun
III. The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals (9th-10th c.)—renewed invasions and
disintegration of Carolingian empire. Protection needed.
A. Vassalage-individual who serves a lord in a military capacity. Came from German
society. Vassal granted land in return for fighting.
B. Fief-holding: land and subinfeudation
1. Mutual Obligations; advice, service, hospitality, and aids in return for fiefs
and support
C. New Political Configurations in the Tenth Century—new powerful lords
1. The Eastern Franks-Henry the Fowler (Saxons); son Otto I-greatest.
Defeated Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld, encouraged Christianization, crowned
emperor of the Romans—involved in Italian affairs, relied on bishops and abbots in
governing kingdom (no hereditary worries).
2. The Western Franks-Hugh Capet, count of Orleans and Paris; only
controlled land surrounding Paris (Ile-de-France); actually a loose alliance of powerful
lords and not a unified kingdom under the king. However, Capetian dynasty would
last for centuries.
3. Anglo-Saxon England-Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, defeated and
created peace with the Danes. Strengthened army and navy, encouraged the
translation of works from Latin into Old English (vernacular), and successors would
establish a unified Anglo-Saxon monarchy.
D. The Manorial System-agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by
peasants. Many became bound to the land as serfs. By 9th c.-60% of population
were serfs. 90% people worked the land.
Spring planting on a French
ducal manor in March
Les Très Riches Heures du
Duc de Berry, 1410s
High Middle Ages, Recovery and Growth
1000-1300
I. Land and People in the High Middle Ages;
population growth doubled due to protection and
an increase in agricultural production
A. The New Agriculture-expansion of arable land
1. Technological Changes-iron, new plows
(carruca), new horse collar and horseshoes,
waterpower and the windmill.
2. The Three-Field System—by 13th c. higher
food prices due to higher demand which led to
growing food for profit and rents for land which
allowed serfs to become free.
II. The New World of Trade and Cities (expansion of trade, circulation of money,
restoration of specialized craftspeople, and growth of towns.)
A. The Revival of Trade-Flanders (woolen cloth) and Italy (trade cities
developed with trading ties to the Byzantine empire); trade fairs; money
economy emerged with banking firms
B. The Growth of Cities
1. Founding of New Cities and Towns-northern Europe, settled by
artisans and merchants, usually near a castle or monastery
2. The Rights of Townspeople-obtained charters of liberties from the
territorial lords (right to sell, freedom from military obligation, right for serfs
to become free); oath called a commune sworn against their lord (bishops)
with the bishops’ noble vassals and overthrew authority. Alliance allowed
the communes to take over the rights of government.
3. City Governments-narrow definition of citizenship; citizens elected
members of a city council (enacted legislation and served as judges and
magistrates); only the wealthiest elected; 12/13th c. executive leader called
mayor; cities remained small and governments watched over city activities.
4. Life in the Medieval City-surrounded by stone walls, narrow
unpaved streets, towers of castles and town halls, churches, most people
merchants and artisans, pollution, threat of fire great.
C. Industry in Medieval Cities-centers of manufacturing; merchant and
artisan guilds formed-set standards (apprentice, journeyman, master within
guild).
Fortified town of Carcassonne
III. The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle
Ages
A. The Rise of the Universities (guild of teachers, guild of
students)
1. The Origins of Universities—11th c. cathedral
schools organized by the secular clergy (majority in
France—intellectual center by the 12th c.); 1st appeared
in Bologna, Italy which coincided with the revival of
interest in Roman law. 1st in Northern Europe-University
of Paris, then the University of Oxford and Cambridge.
2. Teaching in the Medieval University-traditional
liberal arts curriculum (trivium-grammar, rhetoric, and
logic and the quadrivium-arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy, and music). Lecture methods and oral
examinations over a four or six year period. (B.A./M.A.
then go on to study law, medicine, or theology.)
3. Students in the Medieval University-middle
society, male, began around 14 and received degrees by
early twenties, doctorates by 30s to 40s.
C. The Development of Scholasticism-philosophical and theological
system of the medieval schools (attempt to reconcile faith and
reason; scholastic method consisted of posing a question,
presenting contradictory authorities, and arriving at conclusions).
1. Abelard-furthered a new scholastic approach; “By doubting
we come to inquiry, through inquiry to the truth.” Sic et Non,
scripture vs. church fathers.
2. The Problem of Universals-12th c. Reality (Realists vs.
nominalists) and contradictions of the church
3. Aquinas-dealt with the conflicts
F. Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle of Churches”-barrel
vaulting, heavy walls, slit windows, and dark. Built by master
builders
G. The Gothic Cathedral-ribbed vaults, pointed arches-replaced
barrel vaulting, stained glass, work of entire community, 1st-Saint
Denis near Paris,
South transept of Tournai
Cathedral, Belgium, 12th
century.
The western façade
and interior of Reims
Cathedral, France
THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF
CHURCH POWER
I. The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000-1300; kings began
to expand their power in effective ways—out of this will come the European
states that dominate later European history (divine favor, alliances,
conquests, commerce, etc.)
A. England in the High Middle Ages
1. William of Normandy-Battle of Hastings 1066-defeated A/S forces
with Norman archers. King of England/duke of Normandy; Domesday Book,
taxation
2. Henry II-ANGEVIN dynasty; administrative and legal institutions
(exchequer, common law, murder of Archbishop Thomas a Becket)
(Wife-Eleanor of Aquitaine <previously married to King of France>)
3. King John and Magna Carta-forced to sign to limit power
4. Edward I PLANTAGENET and the Emergence of Parliamentunification of lands, formed in order raise taxes
B. The Growth of the French Kingdom
1. The Conquests of Phillip II Augustus—war with Plantagenet
England to gain northern lands back for France; quadrupled income and
increased power
2. Philip IV (the Fair) and the Estates-General (royal bureaucracy and
st
1 parliament) <fights with papacy>
THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH
OF CHURCH POWER
C. Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms
1. The Reconquest-11th c. small Christian kingdoms in the
north began to re-conquer land from the Moors (15th c.)
D. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy—used
control of the church to unify, however, backfired under Henry IV
1. Involvement in Italy (no central political authority); tried to
control and exploit areas
2. Frederick I (Hohenstaufen) (aka Barbarossa)—attempt to
conquer northern Italian cities and ignored strengthening the
German states; later made a financial deal and through marriage
increased power over Rome (Holy Roman Empire)
3. Frederick II (HRE)-concentrated on consolidating Italian
power and left German princes to rule selves (they chose an
ineffective ruler – Habsburg); consolidation of either Italy or
Germany doesn’t happen
II. The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church
A. The Problems of Decline--politics vs. spirituality; bishops and
abbots became vassals; spirituality and scholasticism declined in
monasteries
B. The Cluniac Reform Movement-abbey of Cluny founded by
William of Aquitaine; renewed spirituality; elimination of church
abuses; created a rededication to church ideals and spirituality
throughout Europe
C. The Reform of the Papacy-11th c.; free selves from political
interference of lords
1. Pope Gregory VII and Reform—claimed Pope’s authority
extended over emperors; wanted removal of lay investiture and if
rulers didn’t accept then the Pope could remove them. Henry IV of
Germany disagreed and refused.
2. The Investiture Controversy—Henry and Gregory backed
competing candidates for the bishopric of Milan; Pope threatened
excommunication and Henry called a meeting of bishops and had
the pope deposed. The pope then excommunicated the king and
freed his subjects from allegiance. Nobles and bishops in Germany
rebelled, and the king travelled to Canossa to beg for forgiveness.
Concordat of Worms eventually settled in 1122 under a new
German king and new pope.
III. Christianity and Medieval Civilization
A. Growth of the Papal Monarchy
1. Pontificate of Innocent III-13th c.
a. interdict- imposition on a region
or country rather than a person; forbade
priests to dispense the sacraments of the
church in order to pressure rulers to follow
the Pope.
IV. The Crusades
A. Background to the Crusades
1. Islam and the Seljuk Turks; 600 CE Muslims
occupy Holy Land; 1070 Attack Byzantine Empire;
Byzantine Church asks Pope Urban II for help
2. The Byzantine Empire—loses Anatolia to the
Turks; Turks disrupt Pilgrim traffic
3. Causes:
Europe begins to thrive
Conversion of Vikings and Magyars
Agricultural advances increase food supply
Roman-Byzantine rivalry
Great Schism, 1064
Benedictine reform causes Church in West to be
more attentive to business and provides impetus to
attempts to reassert control
B. The Early Crusades—reasons to fight:
• Believed this was God command
• Some wished for land and power, and sought to rule new kingdoms there
• Others wanted an indulgence
1. The First Crusade--Urban II calls for a crusade, 1095, noble
class, captured Jerusalem by 1099
• Objectives - drive Turks out of Anatolia, Obligate the Byzantines, Provide
occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome’s terms, Capture the Holy Land
2. The Second Crusade-1147-1149, failure
3. The Third Crusade-reaction to fall of Jerusalem under
Saladin; 1189-1192; 3 emperors participated
Overall: Eight crusades carried out
• Defeated Muslim defenders four times, lost four times
• Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
• Repeated military defeats
Effects of Crusades
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans
Stimulated Mediterranean trade
Need to transfer large sums of for troops and supplies led to
development of banking techniques
As Europeans had more contact with the outside world, the
Crusades began to tarnish the Church’s image
Knowledge introduced to Europe
heavy stone masonry
construction of castles and stone churches
Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from East to West – Europe had little to
give in return
Longstanding mistrust developed between Muslims and Christians
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND
DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND
DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
I. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis
A. Famine and Population
•
The 14th century saw a series of catastrophes that caused the European economy
to weaken.
•
A declining population, shrinking markets, a decrease in arable land, and a general
mood of pessimism were evidence of deteriorating economic conditions.
•
Starting about 1250, a “Little Ice Age” began weakening Europe's agricultural
productivity.
– The Baltic Sea froze, Alpine glaciers advanced, and in some areas, grain
cultivation ceased.
– In other areas, crops failed as a result of heavy rains.
•
Soil exhaustion made the
problem worse.
•
The results were food shortages and famines.
•
During 1315-1322, famine devastated most of Europe.
– Agricultural productivity declined
– Grain prices soared.
– Diseases destroyed much of Europe's livestock, depriving people of meat and
dairy products.
•
People starved to death or succumbed to disease. It is estimated that famine killed
10% of the population in the first ½ of the 14th c. It also may have led to chronic
malnutrition, which also led to high infant mortality and a higher susceptibility to
disease.
B. The Black Death
• In 1347, the Black Death struck Europe. Those bitten by infected fleas died horrible
deaths within a week's time. Those who inhaled the virus died even sooner.
• The plague decimated the populations of the densely populated cities of Northern
Italy. The population of Florence, for instance, fell from 90,000 to 50,000 people.
Within a generation, the plague wiped out 40 percent of the English population and
nearly 60 percent of the population in northeastern France.
• First major epidemic disease to hit Europe since the 7th c.
1. Spread of the Plague-flea infested rats brought by the Mongols to the Black
Sea and then through trade markets through Genoese merchants in Italy. 25-50% of
the European population declined between 1347 and 1351.
2. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague
• Live for the moment; wealthy fled to country estates, extreme behavior (flagellants
and millenarians), anti-Semitism, preoccupation with death
C. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
1. Noble Landlords and Peasants-Fewer workers meant higher wages and
lower prices; resented by the aristocracy; freed peasants from servitude and
manorialism weakened. Lords attempted to institute wage restrictions and new
obligations; new governmental taxes.
2. Peasant Revolt in France-Jacquerie-class tensions; 100 Years’ Wardestroyed land and stolen produce; massacres both sides
3. An English Peasant Revolt-over poll tax
4. Revolts in the Cities-manufacturers, industrial revolts
II. War and Political Instability
•
The governments of France and England
added to these natural calamities by
carrying out a series of long, deadly wars,
which are known collectively as the
Hundred Years' War (1337-1453).
•
Disrupted trade throughout northwest
Europe.
A. Causes of the Hundred Years’ War
•
Quarrel over Gascony, France: Edward III,
king of England and duke of Gascony
refused to pay homage to Philip VI
(French king) and Philip seized the
duchy…war declared on Philip. (1337)
B. Conduct and Course of the War
1. Early Phases of the WarEdward III and son Edward “The Black
Prince” wreaked devastation across
villages and land—devastating to the
French. All lands that were won were
recovered by the French, however, and
plundering continued.
2. Renewal of War-1415-English
Henry V renewed war when French
dukes of Burgundy and Orleans were
vying to control the weak Charles VI.
Alliances were formed between Burgundy
and England and the English gained
northern France.
3. Joan of Arc—inspired the dauphin and
French armies through her faith and freed
the Loire Valley from English control. The
dauphin was crowned Charles VII.
4. End of the War-1453 Recovery of land
(except Calais), unstable English
government under Henry VI, and the
death of England’s best commanders.
C. Political Instability
1. The Growth of England’s Political
Institutions—growth of Parliament to
levy taxes, drawing petitions, factional
conflicts with nobles (War of the Roses)
2. The Problems of the French KingsBurgundians and Orleanist factions
3. The German Monarchy
a. Electoral Nature of the German
Monarchy-hundreds of independent
states (monarchy is elective and not
hereditary-Golden Bull 1356;) kings
weak; 3 claimed the throne; unstable
4. The States of Italy-dictatorial citystates in northern Italy
a. Duchy of Milan-Visconti familyhereditary despots
b. Republic of Florence-small
merchant oligarchy popolo grasso and
the popolo minuto
c. Republic of Venice-hereditary
patriciate of 200 families (Great Council,
Senate, and Council of Ten).
III. The Decline of the Church-conflicts with secular monarchies
A. Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State—Philip IV argued the right to tax the
French clergy; Pope argued that he must consent (universal sovereignty vs. royal
sovereignty); Pope issued Unam Sanctam 1302—Philip had the pope captured and
brought to France for trial—died from shock; Frenchman elected next Pope (Clement
V)
B. The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1377)-new residency of Pope Clement V (lasted 72
years)-decline in papal prestige and symbol of church abuses
C. The Great Schism—Elected Pope Urban VI-returned to Rome and Avignon
Clement VII; lasted 40 years; Europe divided
D. New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism
1. The Conciliar Movement—Final authority must reside with a general church
council representing all members; Council of Pisa 1409-group of Cardinals met and
elected a new pope-Alexander V (now 3 Popes). HRE Sigismund called Council of
Constance from 1414-1418 and Pope Martin V elected
E. Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity:
1. Mysticism and Lay Piety-immediate experience of oneness with God
(Meister Eckhart-western Germany; spread and called Modern Devotion by Gerard
Groote); Brothers of the Common Life and Sisters of the Common Life-laypeople with
no formal monastic vows.
2. Unique Female Mystical Experiences
F. Changes in Theology-William of Occam-nominalism-truth of religion only known by
acts of faith and not demonstrable by reason; created support for rational and
scientific analysis