Transcript File - AP EURO

Unit 1.3
New Monarchs and Expansion in the
16th Century
I. New Monarchs (c. 1460-1550)
A. Consolidated power and created the
foundation for Europe’s first modern
nation-states in France, England, & Spain
1. Trend had started in the Middle Ages
2. Yet, “new monarchs” never achieved
absolute power; absolutism not fully
developed until mid-late 17th century
3. Were not nation-states in the modern
sense as populations did not see
themselves a as a nation
B. Characteristics of New Monarchs
1. Reduced power of the nobility through
taxation, confiscation of lands, and
hiring of mercenary armies or creation
of standing armies
-- Advent of gunpowder increased
vulnerability of noble armies and
their knights
-- Nobles received titles and offices for
their support
2. Reduced the political power of the
clergy
3. Created more efficient bureaucracies
-- Enabled New Monarchs to begin
centralizing control of their realms
4. Increased political influence of the
middle-class
a. Brought in revenue for the Crown
b. More so in France than in Spain
5. Increased the national debt by taking out
loans from merchant-bankers
C. Opposition to monarchial power
1. The nobility resented decline in
political influence
2. The clergy saw the pope as their leader,
not the monarch
3. Independent towns resisted more
centralized control
D. France
1. Recovery after the 100 Years’ War
a. England was expelled from France
b. Defeat of the duchy of Burgundy in
1477 removed the threat of a
new state
2. Rise of the Valois line of monarchs
a. Louis XI (1461-1483) “Spider King”
• Created large royal army
• Increased taxes
• Exerted power over the clergy
• Promoted economic
growth
b. Francis I (1515-1547)
• Concordat of Bologna, 1516: gave
French king the power to appoint
bishops to the French (Gallican)
Church
-- Major blow to papal authority in
France
• Taille: direct head tax
on all land and
property
Francis I
Jean Coulet,
c. 1525-1530
E. England
1. War of the Roses (1455-1477)
a. House of Lancaster vs. House of York
b. Results: York victory resulted in the
rise of the Tudor Dynasty
The Battle of
Tewkesbury,
1471
2. Henry VII (r. 1489-1509)
a. Star Chamber: secret trials that
reduced the power of the nobility
b. Placed restrictions on private
armies
c. Parliament grew in
power
-- King could not tax
without the consent
of Parliament
3. Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
a. Broke away from the Catholic church in
1534 and established the Church of
England (Anglican Church) with the
king as its head
b. Oversaw the creation of a
strong bureaucracy that
significantly enhanced
the power of the king
D. Spain
1. Ferdinand of Aragon (1478-1516)
and Isabella of Castile (1474-1504)
unified Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella, Wedding Portrait, 1469
2. 1492, Reconquista:
a. Moors and Jews removed from Spain
(except those willing to convert to
Christianity)
-- Surrender of Granada: last
stronghold for Muslim Moors
b. Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in the
significant decline in the middle class
The Christianization and
Unification of Spain
3. Hermandades: Alliances of cities to oppose
nobles
-- Helped bring cities under royal authority
4. Spanish inquisition: conceived by Isabella
a. Monarchy enforced the authority of the
national church
b. Overseen by Tomás de Torquemada
c. Targeted conversos (Jews who had
converted to Christianity but who were
suspected of practicing Judaism)
d. Reformed the church in Spain
G. Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire)
1. Consisted of 300 semi-autonomous
German States
2. HRE was not a “new monarchy”
Banner of the HRE after 1400
Holy Roman Empire, 1648
3. Maximilian I (1493-1519)
a. Marriage to Mary of Burgundy gained
the HRE territory in eastern France
-- Sparked a dynastic struggle between
the Valois in France and the
Hapsburgs
Portrait by Albrecht
Dürer, 1518
4. Charles V (r. 1519-1556): most powerful
ruler in 16th-century Europe
a. Inherited the Spanish and Austrian
thrones from his grandparents
b. His armies sacked Rome in 1527
Portrait by Bernaert van Orley, 1519-20
Portrait by Unknown, c.1530
c. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c. 1519-1559):
locked in a dynastic struggle with Francis I
d. Sought to stop the spread of the
Protestant Reformation
Portrait by Titian, c. 1532-33
Portrait by Titian, 1548
The European Empire of Charles V
Colored regions represent Charles’ possessions
II. Commercial Revolution (ca. 1500-1700)
A. Causes:
1. Roots in the Middle Ages
--Hanseatic League
2. Population growth: 70 million in
1500; 90 million in1600
3. “price revolution”:
a. Long, slow upward trend; increased
food prices, increased volume of
money, influx of gold & silver
b. Led to increased supply of goods
4. Economic competition among states
5. Rise of capitalism; entrepreneurs
-- The middle class (bourgeoisie) led
the way
B. Features
1. Banking:
a. Fuggers in Germany and Medicis in
Italy were among leading bankers in
Europe
-- Funded countless economic activities
b. Antwerp in Flanders: banking and
commercial center of Europe in the
16th century
c. Amsterdam became the leader in the
17th century
2. Hanseatic League evolved from within
the German states in the Middle Ages
that eventually controlled trade in much
of northern Europe well into the 16th
century.
3. Chartered companies: state provided
monopolies in certain areas (BEIC,
DEIC)
4. Joint-stock companies: investors pooled
resources for common purpose
(forerunner of the modern corporation)
5. Stock markets: e.g., Bourse in Antwerp
6. First Enclosure movement in England:
improved sheep herding for increased
supply of wool
7. “Putting-out” Industry emerged in the
countryside for the production of cloth
8. New industries: cloth production,
mining, printing, book trade,
shipbuilding, cannons and muskets
9. Consumer goods: sugar, rice, and tea
10. Mercantilism: nations sought a selfsufficient economy
a. Goal: nations sought economic selfsufficiency
b. Strategy: create a favorable balance of
trade where one’s country exported
more than it imported
c. Bullionism: countries sought to
acquire as much gold and silver as
possible
C. Significance:
1. Transition from rural society to an
increase in towns
2. Enabled the emergence of more
powerful nation states
3. Spurred age of discovery & exploration
as nations sought to create new empires
overseas
4. The “Price Revolution”
a. Prices during the 16th century rose
gradually
b. Rising population of Europe
increased demand for goods, thus
increasing prices
c. Influx of gold and silver from the
New World was a factor (but not the
major factor)
d. Inflation stimulated production
e. Bourgeoisie acquired much of their
wealth from trade and manufacturing
f. Peasant farmers benefited when surplus
yields could be turned into cash crops
g. Nobility suffered reduced standard of
living as their income was fixed
5. The bourgeoisie grew in political and
economic significance
a. First evident in Italian city-states during
the Renaissance.
b. Became the most powerful class in the
Netherlands
c. In France, grew in power at the
expense of the nobility
d. Exerted increased influence in English
politics
6. Increased standard of living especially
among the upper and middle
classes
III. Age of Exploration and Conquest
A. Causes for exploration
1. “God, glory, and gold” were the
primary motives
2. Christian crusaders in 11th & 14th
centuries created European interest in
Asia and the Middle East
3. Rise of nation states resulted in
competition for empire and trade
-- Portugal and Spain sought to
break the Italian monopoly
on trade with Asia
4. Impact of the Renaissance: search for
knowledge
a. Revival of Platonic studies, especially
mathematics
b. Awareness of living “at the dawn of a
new age”
c. Invention of printed book:
publication and circulation of
accurate texts and maps
5. Cartography
a. Martin Behaim: terrestrial globe,
1492
Behaim’s version of the ocean between Asia
(left) and Europe and Africa (right)
b. Waldseemuller’s world map (1507)
How is Waldseemuller’s map different
from the Behaim map?
“America” is shown on the left of the map.
It is the first map to identify the continent.
c. Mercator’s map (1569)
By 1569, both North and South America
are prominent on the world map.
6. Technological advances
a. Advances in astronomy helped in
charting locations at sea
b. Instruments
-- Magnetic compass (ca. 1300)
-- Geometric quadrant (ca. 1460)
-- Mariner’s astrolabe
(ca. 1480)
-- Cross staff (ca. 1550)
c. Ships
-- Portuguese caravel (ca. 1450)
-- Lateen sail and rope riggings
-- Axial rudder (side rudder)
-- Gunpowder and cannons
7. Commercial revolution resulted in
capitalist investments in overseas
exploration
8. Religious desire to covert pagan peoples
in the New World served as an important
impulse toward exploration
B. Portugal
1. Motives for exploration
a. Economic: sought an all-water route to
Asia to tap the spice trade
b. Religious: to find the mythical Prester
John, a Christian king
2. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
a. Financed numerous
expeditions along the
West African coast
b. Ushered in a new era of
European exploration
3. Bartholomew Dias (1450-1500): rounded
the southern tip of Africa in 1488
4. Vasco da Gama (1469-1525)
a. All-water expedition to India in 1498
b. Brought back Indian goods creating a
huge demand in Europe
c. Huge blow to Italian
monopoly of Asian trade
Da Gama lands
in Calicut, 1498
5. Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512)
a. Explored Brazil: perhaps the first
European to recognize the New World
as a continent
b. Waldseemuller named
“America” after him
6. Brazil
a. Portugal’s major colony in
the New World
b. African slaves imported to produce
sugar, coffee, and cotton
The African Slave Trade
Major Slave Trading Regions of
Africa: 15th-19th Centuries
C. Spain: Explorers
1. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
a. Spain’s motives: compete against
Portugal for overseas trade
b. 1492, Columbus reached the Bahamas
believing he had reached the “Indies”
(Indonesia)
c. Ushered in era of
European exploration
and domination of the
New World
The Four Voyages of Columbus
d. Bartholomew de las Casas (1474-1566)
-- "A Short Account of the Destruction of
the Indies," 1542
o Criticized ruthlessness with which
Columbus and his successors
treated the Amerindians
o Writings help spread the “black
legend” in Protestant
countries regarding
Spain’s killing of
natives in the name
of Christ
o In reality, Protestants
were just as guilty.
Illustration within one of de las Casa’s publications: Cuban natives
are being murdered by the Spanish. Image created by Flemish
Protestant artist Theodor de Bry.
e. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
-- Spain sought to secure Columbus’
discoveries in the New World
-- New World divided between Spain and
Portugal (at the behest of Pope
Alexander VI)
2. Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1517):
discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513
3. Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)
a. His ship was the first to circumnavigate
the world
b. Charted the huge size of the Pacific
4. Spanish conquistadores: began creating
Spain’s New World empire by
conquering Amerindians
a. Hernando Cortès (1495-1547):
conquered the
Aztecs in
Mesoamerica in
1521
b. Francisco Pizarro:
conquered the Inca
in Peru in 1532
Inca
Empire at
the time of
conquest
(1530)
D. Spanish empire during the “Golden Age of
Spain”
1. Resembled “New Imperialism” of the
late-19th century
2. Mercantilist in philosophy from the early16th century onward
-- 1545, opening of Potosí silver mines
ushered in Spain’s “golden age”
3. Encomienda system
a. Spanish gov’t sought to reduce savage
exploitation of Amerindians
b. Amounted to forced labor
c. Resulted in fewer slaves being
imported into the empire
4. Mestizos
a. Children of mixed Spanish and
Amerindian descent
b. Relatively few women came to the New
World during the 16th and 17th
centuries
5. Creoles: Spaniards born in the New
World to Spanish parents.
-- Eventually came to dominate politics
and later, independence movements
E. “Old Imperialism” in Africa and Asia
1. Europeans established trading posts and
forts in coastal regions but did not
penetrate the interior
-- Sharp contrast to Spanish
imperialism in the New World
2. Portugal
a. Africa: established forts on the
Guinea Coast and in Mali
b. Da Gama set up trading posts in
Goa and Calcutta (India)
c. Alphonso d’ Albuquerque
(1453-1515)
• Laid foundation for Portuguese
imperialism in the 16th and 17th
centuries
• Established coastal regions as trade
bases to control the Indian Ocean
• Did not seek to penetrate inland
• Established an empire in the Spice
Islands (modern-day Indonesia)
d. Francis Xavier (1506-1552): led Jesuit
missionaries to Asia and converted
thousands of indigenous peoples to
Christianity in India, Indonesia, and
Japan
3. Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
a. Dutch East India Co. founded in
1602 and became major force
behind Dutch imperialism
b. Expelled Portuguese from Ceylon
and some Spice Islands
c. By 1650, challenged Spain and
England in the New World and
dominated much of the Atlantic
trade
F. France
1. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557): Explored the
St. Lawrence River region of Canada
2. Quebec, France’s first New World colony,
was not founded until 1608
G. England
1. Came to exploration relatively late
2. John Cabot (1425-1500) explored
northeast coast of North America.
3. Jamestown, Virginia, 1607: first
permanent English colony
4. Tens of thousands of Englishmen
came to the east coast of North
America in the 17th and 18th centuries
H. The Slave Trade (asiento)
1. Portugal first introduced slavery in
Brazil to farm sugar plantations
2. Dutch West India Co. transported
thousands of slaves to the New World
after 1621
3. England’s Royal African Co. entered
the slave trade in the late 17th century
4. By 1800, Africans accounted for 60% of
Brazil’s population and 20% of U.S.
population
5. About 50 million Africans died or
became slaves during 17th and 18th
centuries.
6. Some African slaves went to Europe (e.g.
Portugal)
a. Seen as exotic and highly prized
b. Some “American-style” slavery in
Mediterranean sugar plantations
IV. The Columbian Exchange
A. Both Europe and the New World were
transformed by the Age of Exploration
1. For Europeans: revolution in diet,
increased wealth, and rise of global
empires
2. Native Americans experienced
catastrophic changes
B. Disease
1. 90% of Amerindians died between
1492 (Columbus) and 1600
a. Amerindians lacked immunities to
deadly diseases
b. Smallpox was the biggest killer;
others included measles, bubonic
plague, influenza, and typhus
2. Syphilis transmitted to Europeans by
Amerindians
C. Diet
1. Nutritional revolution for Europeans
a. Potato became the most important
new staple crop
b. Maize, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco,
beans, vanilla & chocolate
2. Old World imports to the New World
included wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
3. Livestock brought to New World: cows,
pigs, goats, sheep, chickens
D. Animals
1. European introduction of the horse
profoundly impacted certain
Amerindian groups
2. Turkey was most important meat
source transported from New
World to Europe
E. Slavery
F. Gold and silver
V. Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries
A. Compare to life during the Later Middle
Ages
B. Social Hierarchy
1. Countryside
a. Manorial lords were at the top
b. Peasants were largest percentage of
rural population; many owned land
c. Landless workers owned the
lowest wages
2. Towns
a. Merchants (bourgeoisie) were among
the wealthiest and most powerful
b. Artisans: skilled craftsmen such as
weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters,
masons, etc. (often belonged to
guilds).
c. Laborers did low-skilled jobs for low
wages
3. Education or wealth became the way to
move up the social ladder (to
the fortunate few)
C. Demography
1. “Long 16th century” (1450-1650):
steady growth in population
2. Population leveled from 1650-1750
until the agricultural revolution
3. Towns and cities saw larger increases in
population than the countryside
4. Nuclear family structure for most
families; patriarchal
5. Life expectancy
a. 27 years for men
b. 25 years for women
VI. Witch Hunts
A. 70,000-100,000 people killed between
1400 and 1700
B. Causes
1. Popular belief in magic
a. “cunning folk”
b. Claims to power often by the
elderly or impoverished, and
especially women
2. Church: powers come from either God
or the Devil
-- Used witch hunts to gain control
over village life in rural areas.
3. Women: 80% of victims (“weaker vessels”)
a. Most between 45 and 60; single
b. Misogyny may have played a role as
Europe was a patriarchal society
c. Most midwives were women; blamed if
babies died in childbirth
4. Religious wars and divisions created
a panic environment; scapegoating
-- Leaders tried to gain loyalty of their
people; appeared to be protecting them
C. End of witch hunts
1. Scientific Revolution of 16th and 17th
centuries discredited superstition
2. Advances in medicine and advent of
insurance companies helped people care
for themselves
3. Trials became chaotic; accusers could
be accused
4. Protestant Reformation saw God as the
only spiritual force
-- Yet, witch hunts also plagued
Protestant regions as well
5. Some literature implied people
had control over their lives
Testimony of a licensed midwife at
Dillingen, Germany, burned 1587
"Walpurga Hausmannin . . . has, upon kindly questioning and also torture' .
. . confessed her witchcraft and admitted the following. When . . . she had
become a widow, she cut corn for Hans Schlumperger.... Him she enticed
with lewd speeches and gestures and they convened that they should . . .
meet in her . . . dwelling, there to indulge in lustful intercourse .... [ But] it
was not the said bondsman who appeared unto her, but the Evil One [the
Devil] in the latter's guise .... He made her many promises to help her in
her poverty and need, wherefore she surrendered herself to him body and
soul .... For food she often had a good roast or an innocent child, which
was also roasted, or a suckling pig .... [The Evil One] also compelled her to
do away with and to kill young infants at birth .... This she did as follows
.... A child of the Governor here . . . she had so infected with her salve that
he died within three days .... Three years ago she had sucked out the blood
of [citizen] Kung's child, a twin, so that it died.... She had also rubbed a
salve on a beautiful son of the . . . Chancellor, . . . this child had lovely
faire hair and she had given him a hobby horse so that he might ride on it
till he lost his senses. He died likewise...."
Report of Churchwardens in
Gloucestershire, England, 1563
• "There is one Alice Prabury in our parish
that useth herself suspiciously in the
likelihood of a witch, taking upon her not
only to help Christian people of diseases
strangely happened, but also horses and all
other beasts. She taketh upon her to help by
the way of charming, and in such ways that
she will tell nobody her sayings."