Transcript Chapter 10 Europe in the Middle Ages

Chapter 10
Europe in
the
Middle Ages
Section 1
The New Agriculture
• Population doubles between 1000-1300, from
38 to 74 million.
• Reasons:
1. Europe becomes more settled/peaceful.
2. Food production increased because of climate
change & new technology. Harnessed the
power of water & wind; Iron used to make
axes, hoes, saws, nails, hammers, curruca
(plow). Horse collar & horse shoe.
• Farming villages worked together to farm.
• Three-field system. Fall=Summer harvest &
Spring= Fall harvest. Third left alone.
The Manorial System
 A manor was an agricultural estate ran by a lord and
worked by the peasants.
 There were free peasants that worked the farms, but
most were serfs, peasants legally bound to the land.
 Serfs provided: labor services (working the lords land
about 3 days a week), pay rents (gave lord share of what
they raised, paid for the use of the land, and paid a tithe
1/10 to the church), and be subject to the lord’s control.
 Serfs were not allowed to leave the manor without
permission and could not marry anyone outside the
manor without permission. Lords had political power
over their lands. They also had responsibilities to the
serfs, such as protection .
Daily Life of the Peasantry
• Peasants did not work every day of their
life. The had celebrations/feasts that
corresponded with the Catholic Church.
• Women were expected to work in the
fields, bear children and manage the
household.
• The basic staple of peasants was bread.
The bread was nutritious because it
contained wheat, rye, barley, millet, and
oats.
The Rivival of Trade
• Venice, Italy becomes a leading trading city with
a mercantile fleet by the end of the tenth century.
• Flanders became the ideal center for trade in
Northern Europe. Trade fairs were set up
between the two places.
• Gold and silver were in demand, thus creating a
money economy.
• This started commercial capitalism- an economic
system in which people invested in trade and
goods in order to make profits.
The Growth of Cities
 Cities old and new prospered.
 New cities were set up outside castles
because they were along trade routes and
would be protected.
 The newly formed cities would then
enclose themselves with a wall for
protection. They became known as
“bourgeoisie” or burghers meaning a
walled enclosure.
Daily Life in the Medieval City
 Townspeople sought to have their own rights
and the lords were willing to sell it to them. They
included the right buy/sell property, freedom
from military service, a written law that
guaranteed them freedom, and the right of an
escaped serf to become free after a year and a
day in the town.
 Soon cities began to elect their own government.
 Patricians- members of the wealthiest and most
powerful families rigged the elections to win.
 Cities were tightly packed/crowded and
surrounded by stone walls for protection. The
danger of fire was great. Air pollution and water
pollution were really bad.
Industry & Guilds
 With the revival of trade, guilds- business
associations flourished. They played an
economic role in city life.
 The craft guild directed every aspect in the
creation of a product.
 An Apprentice, usually around 10 yrs old
studied under a master craftsman. They weren’t
paid, but received room and board.
 After 5-7 yrs they became Journeymen. They
worked for wages and worked on their
masterpiece.
 If their masterpiece was judged by the guild to
be worthy, they were allowed to join the guild.
Section 2
The Papal Monarchy
• Popes became more concerned with political
affairs and involved with the feudal system that
they neglected their religious duties.
• By the 11th century, the church saw the need to
separate themselves from the influence that
Lords had on selection of church officials.
Church officials were given a staff and ring as
symbols of spiritual authority.
 Secular or lay rulers chose nominees to Church
offices and gave them symbols of their officeLay Investiture. This in the rulers mind
allowed them to still undermine the Church and
it’s spiritual duties.
• Pope Gregory VII believed he was elected to reform the
Church and set out to restore the spiritual duties of
church officials. Only the Church could appoint clergy
and that if rulers did not accept this, they would be
removed. King Henry IV of Germany was the first to
challenge this reform because without his appointments,
he would lose his power to German Nobles.
• The struggle between Pope and King continued until the
Concordat of Worms was reached. The lord gave
symbols of temporal (earthly) office & a Church official
gave them symbols of his spiritual office.
 Under Pope Innocent III, the Church reached the height
of its political power. He believed that the Pope, was the
supreme judge over European affairs. To achieve this
power, he used interdicts- forbids priests from giving the
sacraments (Christian rites) of the Church to certain
people.
New Religious Orders
 The second half of the 11th century and the first
half of the 12th century, a new religious
movement occurred.
 Cistercians- were strict, eliminated decorations
from church, took their religion to the people
outside of the monastery & had more time for
prayer & manual labor.
• Franciscans- founded by St. Francis of Assisi.
Had dramatic spiritual experiences as a POW.
He abandoned all worldly goods & material
pursuits. They lived among the people,
preaching repentance and aiding the poor.
• Dominicans- founded by Dominic de Guzman.
Wanted to defend the Church teachings from
heresy- the denial of basic Church doctrines.
 Inquisition (Holy Office)- a court established by
the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover and try
heretics.
 Dominicans examined those who were accused.
If they confessed, they did public penance and
were subject to punishment (flogging). If they
did not confess, they were tortured until they did
or were turned over to the state for execution.
 Repeat offenders were subject to execution.
Christians believed that heresy was a crime
against God and humanity and the Inquisition
was the right thing to do.
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
 The sacraments of the Catholic Church were
central in the importance to ordinary people.
 The sacraments were seen as a means to
receiving God’s grace and were necessary for
salvation.
 Saints were people who considered especially
holy and who had achieved a special position in
Heaven.
 Emphasis on the role of Saints were closely tied
to the use of relics- usually bones of saints or
objects connected with saints. Believed they
could heal people. They also believed that a
pilgrimage to a holy shrine produced spiritual
benefits.
Section 3
The Rise of the Universities
• Medieval universities were educational guilds, or
corporations, that produced educated and trained
individuals.
• 1st European University was in Bologna, Italy and taught
Roman law.
• 1st University in northern Europe was the University of
Paris.
• Teachers taught by lecture. Students couldn’t afford
books, so teachers read it to the class and offered
explanations. No tests until the end of their studies and
it was an oral exam. After completing a liberal arts
curriculum, they could go on to study law, medicine, or
theology- study of religion and God.
• It could take 10 years to finish the curriculum. After
passing an oral exam, they would attain a doctor’s
degree. They were able to teach or pursue other
careers.
The Development of Scholasticism
• Scholasticism- a medieval philosophical and
theological system that tried to reconcile faith
and reason. The idea was to harmonize
Christian teachings with the works of Greek
philosophers.
• Aristotle upset many Christian theologians
because he arrived at his conclusions by
rational thought. St. Thomas Aquinas tried to
reconcile Aristotle and the doctrines of
Christianity. Aquinas was known for his Summa
Theologica. His fame is based upon his
attempt to reconcile the knowledge learned
through the Bible and other Christian writings
with the knowledge learned through reason and
experience.
Vernacular Literature
• Latin was the universal language of
medieval civilization.
• The 12th century gave rise to vernacularthe language of everyday speech in a
particular region.
• The most popular 12th century vernacular
literature was troubadour poetry- chiefly
product of nobles and knights. Chanson
de geste- heroic epic.
Architecture
• The 11th and 12th century saw a rise in
building. They were built in Romanesque
architecture. Buildings were rectangular in
shape with a long, round stone arched
structure vault ceiling.
• Gothic appeared in the 12th century. They
replaced the round barrel vault with ribbed
vaults and pointed arches. This made the
churches higher in height.
• The flying buttress a heavy, arched
support of stone, built onto the outside of
the wall.
Section 4
The Black Death
• Black Death was the most devastating natural
disaster in European history. Bubonic Plague
was the most common form of Black Death.
• It was spread by rats infested with fleas carrying
the deadly bacterium. Brought by Italian
merchants, the plague usually followed the trade
route.
• Between 1347 and 1351 roughly 38 out of 75
million people died.
• Some believed it was a punishment from God for
their sins and others thought it had been caused
by the devil. Anti-Semitism- hostility towards or
discrimination against Jews occurred.
• Severe economic consequences occurred:
decline in trade, shortages of workers
caused a rise in the price of labor. Decline
of people lowered the demand for food,
resulting in falling prices.
• This helped to free serfs from serfdom.
Since they paid them for rent instead of
labor.
The Decline of Church Power
 A struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV
would have serious consequences on the papacy. To gain
revenue, Philip IV said he had the right to tax the clergy of
France. Boniface VIII said that they could not without the
consent of the Pope. Philip sent troops to arrest and bring
Bonifice back to France for trial. He escaped and died soon
after. Philip engineers the election of Frenchman, Clement V
as Pope. Pope Clement V moved to Avignon in southern
France. The Pope living in Avignon instead of Rome drew
harsh criticisms. Finally in 1377, Pope Gregory XI saw the
decline in papal prestige and returned to Rome.
 With the death of Pope Gregory XI, the Great Schism- a split
in the Catholic Church that lasted form 1378-1418, during
which time there were rival popes in Rome and in the French
city of Avignon; France and its allies supported the pope in
Avignon, while France’s enemy England and its allies
supported the pope in Rome occurred. The Great Schism
ended with a church council electing a new pope.
• This led to cries for church reform. John
Hus, called for the end of corruption
among clergy and the excessive power of
the papacy within the Catholic Church.
Accused of heresy and burned at the
stake in 1415. An upheaval in Bohemia
occurred and was crushed in 1436.
• By the 1400’s the Church had lost much of
its political power.
The Hundred Years’ War
• Plague, economic crisis, and the decline of the
Catholic Church along with war and political
instability were problems of the late Middle Ages.
• The Hundred Years’ War was the most violent
struggle during this period. The war lasted from
1337 to 1453. It started because King Philip VI of
France seized the duchy of Gascony to make it part
of the French kingdom. King Edward III of England
declared war on Philip. It started out with knights
showing their fighting abilities. This war proved to
be an important turning point in the nature of
warfare. It was the foot soldiers, who won the major
battles. English foot soldiers were armed with heavy
spears (pikes) and longbows.
• 1st major battle was at Crecy. The French army
attacked in a disorderly fashion and the English
archers cut them down. It was not a decisive
victory and the English did not have enough
resources to conquer all of France.
• During the battle of Agincourt in 1415, heavily
armored knights tried to attack Henry’s forces
across a rain soaked muddy field. Once again
they were disastrously defeated with 1,500
French nobles dying on the battlefield. The
English were now masters of northern France.
• The southern 2/3 of France was now ruled by
Charles. Joan of Arc, a deeply religious
peasant, made her way to Charles’s court and
convinced him to let her accompany the French
army to Orleans. Joan’s passion revived the
confidence of the army and helped them to
recapture Orleans. She was captured in 1430
and turned over to the English. She was
charged with witchcraft during the Inquisition.
She was condemned to death as a heretic.
• The war continued for another 2 decades and
victories in Normandy and Aquitaine led to a
French victory in 1453.
Political Recovery
• The 14th century saw European rulers struggling to
produce male heirs. Nobles supported opposing
candidates for kingship and founders of new dynasties
fought for power.
• The 15th century saw a number of rulers attempt to
reestablish the centralized power of monarchies. New
monarchies-power was centralized under a king/queen,
such as in England, France, and Spain.
• The war had left France exhausted but with a strong
sense of national feeling. King Louis XI, known as “the
Spider”, because of his devious ways, used a taille- an
annual direct tax, usually on land or property- as a
permanent tax imposed by royal authority. This helped
to create a strong French monarchy.
• The war had left England’s economy strained due to the
cost of the war and losses in manpower. The War of
the Roses- a struggle between Noble factions to control
the monarchy occurred until 1485. Henry Tudor became
the first Tudor king who worked hard to create a strong
royal government. He abolished private noble armies
and didn’t overburden the middle and noble class with
taxes. This gained their support.
• Spain too, experienced a rise in strong national
monarchy. Christians regained their lands from the
Muslims and set up several independent kingdoms. Two
of the strongest kingdoms were Castile and Aragon.
The two kingdoms were united when Isabella of Castile
and Ferdinand of Aragon were married. They conformed
to strict Catholicism and expelled anyone who wasn’t.
• The Holy Roman Empire did not develop a strong
monarchical authority because of religious differences.