Transcript The Middle Ages/Medieval Times

The Middle
Ages/Medieval Times
Middle Ages
surcoat
Chivalry
Feudalism
Nobles
fief
Valor
Serf/villein
Lord
Rushes
Manor
Tapestries
Self -sufficient
Fenestral windows
Vassal
Midwife
Page
Apothecary
Squire
Ghengis Khan
Trebuchet
Berserker
The Crusades
Valkyrie
“Wonders of the East”
Valhalla
Joust
Monastery/convent
Coronel
Illuminated manuscript
Coat of Arms
Black Death
pennant
Apprentice
The Magna Carta
The Middle Ages: The Myth
In reality, life in the
We think of:
Middle Ages, a period
• knights in shining
that extended from
armor
approximately the
• kings and queens
400’s-1400’s CE in
• Chivalry- courage, Western Europe, could
honor, courtesy,
also be harsh,
justice, and a
uncertain, and
readiness to help the
dangerous.
weak.
• Castles
The Code of
Chivalry
Chivalry=honor
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To fear God and maintain His Church
To serve the liege lord in valour and faith
To protect the weak and defenceless
To give succour to widows and orphans
To refrain from the wanton giving of offence
To live by honour and for glory
To despise pecuniary reward
To fight for the welfare of all
To obey those placed in authority
To guard the honour of fellow knights
To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit
To keep faith
At all times to speak the truth
To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun
To respect the honour of women
Never to refuse a challenge from an equal
Never to turn the back upon a foe
Who Really Lived in Castles?
Kings and Queens
Nobles- Men given titles and land by the
king, or who inherited the title from their
fathers.
Men awarded for valor while fighting for
their king (usually given a noble title along
with the land). Valor- great courage in the
face of danger, especially in battle.
People who served the owners of the castle.
Create your own castle! (2 drawings- inside and outside)
Make sure to include all of the correct parts in your drawing.
Below your drawing, summarize what each part of the castle
is for using corresponding numbers on your drawing. Make
sure your castle has all of the parts from the link below!
http://www.dkfindout.com/us/history/castles/
The Lord of the Manor
For safety and
defense, people in the
Middle Ages formed
small communities
around a central lord
or master.
The Manor
Most people lived
on a manor, which
consisted of the
castle (or manor
house), the church,
the village, and the
surrounding farm
land. If attacked, the
farmers and
townspeople could
run into the
protective walls of
the castle.
Self-Sufficiency
Each manor was largely selfsufficient (could support itself),
growing or producing all of the
basic items needed for food,
clothing, and shelter.
To meet these needs, the manor
had buildings devoted to special
purposes, such as:
The mill for grinding grain
The bake house for making bread
The blacksmith shop for creating
metal goods.
Nobles and Vassals
Nobles divided their land
among the lesser nobility,
who became their vassals.
Vassals swore fealty
(obedience and service) to
the lord, and promised him
their men as soldiers if the
need arose. Many of these
vassals became so
powerful that the kings
had difficulty controlling
them.
•
For most of the Middle Ages, a man
must have been born the son of a
knight to become a knight.
•
Knighthood was only given to nobles.
•
This changed as men proved
themselves in battle to the
king/queen, OR if they were wealthy
and could “buy” themselves
knighthood by tempting the king and
queen with riches and loyalty.
•
Training began at an early age.
•
4-5 –A child learned to ride a horse
•
7-8 a child would serve as a page to a
powerful knight and go to live and
train with him.
•
About age 14 they became a squire.
Squires would accompany their
master knight into battle, dress him,
feed him, see to his armor and arms,
care for his horses and hope that one
day they would be deemed worthy to
be dubbed a knight .
•
Age 21- If a squire did well, he would
be dubbed a knight (maybe earlier if
valor in battle was shown).
Medieval military strategy
was largely based on
attack. The knight and the
horse acted as a sort of
medieval missile. After
the initial attack, knights
would draw their swords,
maces or axes and fight
on foot. As weapons
evolved, longbows shot
by archers, foot soldiers
carrying pike-axes and
halberds, gigantic axes
with curved spikes on 8 ft.
long staffs, and artillery
caused the knight to be
needed less on the
battlefield.
Feudal Warfare!!!!
Trebuchets were used to hurl all
sorts of objects at the enemy.
Gunpowder
Europeans improved
gunpowder to siege
castles.
Europeans focused on
range and weight of
projectiles: siege warfare
With improved metal
casting, made world’s
best cannon.
The Crusades
The Crusades - a series of
military missions, encouraged
by the Pope and Roman
Catholic Church.
Took place throughout the
11th and 13th centuries.
Attacked Muslims and
Jews in Turkey and
Jerusalem to gain the
“Holy Land” back for just
Christians.
The Arab world was relatively peaceful at the time. An Arab
gentleman was expected to be a poet and philosopher as well
as a warrior. They had correctly calculated the distance from
earth to the moon. And one Arab had even suggested that if he
could split the atom, it would release enough power to destroy
a city the size of Baghdad. Furthermore, Jerusalem itself was a
multicultural city. Jews, Moslems and Christians all lived
together harmoniously. Christians on pilgrimages to Jerusalem
were freely allowed across to the Holy Places.
The Crusades exposed European
soldiers/knights to the “Wonders of the East.”
They brought word back to Europe about the
splendors there.
Such wonders included:
Spices
Silk
Exotic Fruits
Jewels
Gold
This would encourage trade later on.
During times of peace,
knights would take part in
tournaments, huge
battles that would be
staged outside a castle or
town that would include
the same weapons used
in warfare. The joust was
a type of event which
consisted of two horses
charging at each other
from opposite directions
with a rider holding a
lance tipped with a
coronel. They were only
separated by a low
wooden fence. A melee
was another type of event
that was a mock battle
between all of the
combatants. Both events
were VERY dangerous.
Coat of Arms
•
When a knight was encased in armor, no one
could tell who he was.
• A Medieval Coat of Arms would appear on the
knight’s shield, pennant (carried flag), or surcoat
(loose robe that fit over armor). This symbol
represented pride and family.
Create Your Own Coat of Arms!
A Coat of Arms should include the following:
• COLOR!!!!
• A Shield of some shape, divided into one or several sections
• Multiple symbols representing personality, family, qualities you want others to
know you possess (Ex: Lion=Courage)
• 2 Supporters on the sides of your shield that may creep up over the top or
bottom of the shield.
• A Motto- This would be a saying you would be associated with and that
knights that fight for you would scream as a battle/rallying cry.
Ex:
• For Love, Life, and Honor
• Cowards never conquer
• Fail not the king
• Rather by skill than by force
The Feudal System/Feudalism
Under the feudal system,
the king awarded pieces of
land called fiefs to his
most important nobles,
barons, and bishops, in
return for their
contribution of soldiers for
the king's armies. These
soldiers needed to be ready
to fight whenever the king
needed them.
The Peasants
At the lowest level of society
were the peasants, also called
serfs or villeins.
The lord offered his peasants
protection in exchange for living
and working on his land.
Heavily Taxed
Endless cycle of owing money,
caring for crops, giving all but
what they needed to survive to
the lord.
A year in
the life of
a serf.
Peasant Homes
Many peasant
families ate, slept,
and spent time
together in very small
quarters, rarely more
than one or two
rooms. The houses
had thatched roofs
and were easily
destroyed.
House Construction
Homes of the Wealthy
The homes of the rich were
more elaborate than the
peasants' homes. Their
floors were paved, strewn
with rushes and scented
herbs, and sometimes
decorated with tiles. Woven
tapestries were hung on the
walls, providing not only
decoration but also an extra
layer of warmth.
Medieval
INVADERS!!!!
Genghis Kahn (1162-1227)
• Birth Name:
Temüjin
• Known as Genghis
Kahn “Great
Emperor.”
• Led his “Golden
Horde” of fierce
Mongols to invade
and take over much
of Asia and Russia.
• Threatened Europe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o
ecJytgwn0
Ghengis Khan documentary if
interested.
The Mongol Empire was larger than the Roman Empire had been
before its fall. Because of this, it was considered a threat to Europe, and
in fact, the grandsons of Ghengis Khan attacked and invaded areas of
Vikings!
The Vikings
• Vikings were from Scandinavia-believed in Norse Mythology (Odin,
Thor, etc)
• They were known for “seafaring”
• Men would go “A Viking”-set sail to raid, pillage, and find fortune.
• They would sail in Longships.
• They would attack water side villages and cities, and ransack the
churches, businesses, etc for riches.
• They would leave death, rape, and destruction in their wake.
• The Vikings would raid areas of the Roman Empire. Sometimes they
would actually take over villages and claim them for themselves.
• Berserkers-Norse warriors that would enter a trance like state and be
uncontrollable killing/fighting machines. They would say “the
Berserker rage” overcame them.
• Vikings wished to die in battle. It was with such honorable deaths
that the Valkyrie (Maidens from their heaven called Valhalla) would
retrieve them to guide them into the afterlife.
The Middle Ages
AKA
The Age of Faith
The Catholic Church
The Catholic Church was the only
church in Europe during the Middle
Ages, and it had its own laws and
made A LOT of money!
The Pope (Supreme Church leader)
was more powerful than kings!
Church leaders such as bishops and
archbishops sat on the king's
council and played leading roles in
government. They usually came to
office because they came from
important families.
Churches and Cathedrals during the Middle
Gothic
Ages
Architecture
included tall
structures that let
in lots of light, and
sported high
arches, spires, and
vaulted ceilings.
This detailed
architecture was
meant to be awe
and even fear
inspiring and
gargoyles and
monsters grace the
stonework of many
gothic cathedrals.
Catholic Monks
Monks were required to perform
manual labor and were forbidden
to own property, leave the
monastery (holy house and
lands), or become entangled in
the concerns of society.
Daily tasks were often carried out
in silence.
One important task was recording
and translating ancient
texts/scrolls/books.
Nuns
Monks and their female
counterparts, nuns, who lived in
convents, provided for the lessfortunate members of the
community. Monasteries and
nunneries (also called convents)
were safe havens for pilgrims
and other travelers. Many young
women of noble birth were raised
or educated in nunneries and
older noble women sometimes
became nuns if their husbands
died and they had no family to go
to.
Above Pictures
are of
Monasteries.
To the right is a
nunnery/convent.
Illuminated Texts
One important job of Monks was to record
biblical writings and texts. They would also
record other types of stories or writing to
keep in libraries for future generations.
Illuminated Manuscripts- Monks would
decorate these copied manuscripts with
colored intricate lettering and artwork,
borders, and enlargement of certain text.
Create an Illuminated Manuscript
O
n a separate sheet of white
paper, write a short story based in
Medieval Times. Your story must be no
more than one page long, and must be
decorated in the style of an illuminated
document.
Simulation-Medieval Monastery with
candles and music.
Pilgrimages
Pilgrimages were an
important part of
religious life in the
Middle Ages. Many
people took journeys
to visit holy shrines
such the Canterbury
Cathedral in England
and sites in Jerusalem
and Rome.
The Canterbury Tales
Chaucer's Canterbury
Tales is a series of
stories told by 30
pilgrims as they
traveled to Canterbury.
Some Important
Faces of Medieval
Times
Eleanor of Aquitaine
One of the first Medieval women to fight for equality.
Her father educated her, and taught her how to rule his land of
Aquitaine (a valuable area in south France).
French king Louis VII wanted Aquitaine and married Eleanor.
He would not let her “rule” by his side, so she had the church dissolve
their marriage.
She then married Henry II of England and had 5 sons and 3 daughters.
He would not share power either so she and her children plotted to
overthrow him. The plan failed, and he imprisoned her for 16 years
until his eldest son begged for her release on his death bed.
She was mother to King Richard the Lion Heart and also King John
Lackland (Remember the tale of Robin Hood)????
These are the guys 
Richard the Lion Heart
Favorite son of Eleanor
Very popular with the people
Able and courageous warrior
Away in the Crusades for most of his reign
Eleanor ruled in his place while he was
away.
He died of an arrow wound attained in
battle and his brother, John Lackland
became king.
Joan of Arc
Led several major battles in the Hundred
Years War.
She was commissioned to build an army for
King Charles VII of France when she was
only 16!!!!
Believed she was protected by God and
even felt that God talked to her personally.
She experienced many war victories.
She was captured by the English and burned
at the stake.
Health & Hygiene
As the populations of
medieval towns and cities
increased, hygienic
conditions worsened,
leading to a vast array of
health problems.
People did not
understand cleanliness,
germs, etc
Many feared they would
die if they bathed too
much!
Bubonic plague “Black plague”
It was called the
“black death” because
of the dark spots found
on its victims.
Black Plague is an
infectious disease
spread by fleas that
easily were
transported via ship in
the hair of rats.
Plague Symptoms
• Buboes- Swollen lymph nodes in the groin, armpit, or
neck-the size of a chicken egg.
• Fever, chills, headache, flue like symptoms,
discoloration of the hands and feet.
Coffins were rare, most were
buried in mass graves!
Monty Python-Comedic Depiction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU0d8kpybVg
Illness and Myths and
Superstitions
People believed, that disease was
spread by bad odors. (Remember the
bird masks of the plague)?
It was also assumed that it was
caused by sinning.
Many people sought relief from
their ills through prayer, pilgrimages,
and herbal treatment.
Four Humors
The body was viewed as a part of
the universe, a concept derived from
the Greeks and Romans. Four
humors, or body fluids, were
directly related to the four elements.
Fire: yellow bile (spit)
Water: phlegm
Earth: black bile (spit)
Air: blood.
These four humors had to be
balanced. Too much of one was
thought to cause a change in
personality--for example, too much
black bile could create melancholy.
Bloodletting
Medicine was often a risky business.
Bloodletting was a popular method
of restoring a patient's health and
"humors."
Early surgery, often done by
“barbers.” Without anesthesia, this
must have been excruciating.
They would use leeches or simply
cut the skin and let the blood run
into bowls.
It was believed that blood letting
balanced the “humors.”
Increase in Trade Brings Down the Feudal
System
With more trade,
the tradesmen
became wealthier.
They resented
having to give
their profit money
to their lords.
The Merchant Class
The new merchant class
included artisans,
masons, armorers,
bakers, shoemakers,
rope makers, dyers, and
other skilled workers.
Masons
Stone and brick worders
Of all the craftsmen, the
masons were the highest
paid and most respected.
They were, after all,
responsible for building
the cathedrals, hospitals,
universities, castles, and
guildhalls.
Apprentices
Children would go to
train in a job with a
tradesman. By the
time they were grown
up, they would be an
expert ready to take
over the position
when their teacher
became too old to
work.
Important Middle Ages Technologies
Water Wheel
Eyeglasses
Mechanical Clock
Printing
Gunpowder
Eyeglasses
Invented in Pisa 13th century
By 15th century, Italy was making thousands of
spectacles.
Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine
instruments and work:
Gauges
Fine cutters
Precision tools
More detailed jewelry and
stitching.
Mechanical Clock
Undermined Church authority
Resisted by the church for a century
Every town wanted one
Public clocks installed in towers
Conquerors seized as spoils of
war
Allowed individual autonomy
Work now measured by time
increased productivity
Bern, Switzerland
The Magna Carta
In 1215, the English
nobles formed an
alliance that forced
King John to sign the
Magna Carta. It limited
the king's powers of
taxation and required
trials by jury. It was the
first time that an
English monarch was
subject to the law.
US Constitution and
The Magna Carta
Around 1/3 of the provisions in the United States
Bill of Rights draw from the Magna Carta,
particularly from its 39th clause: “No freeman
shall be taken, imprisoned, disseised, outlawed,
banished, or in any way destroyed, nor will we
proceed against or prosecute him, except by the
lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of
the land.”
References
Adapted from the Annenberg Media/Learner.org website “The Middle
Ages”
http://www.learner.org/exhibits/middleages/
“The Middle Ages, Myth and Reality”
https://www.learner.org/interactives/middleages/
www.cwcboe.org
mrkash.com/activities/romanrepublic.ppt