Transcript 600-1450

AP REVIEW SESSION #2
• World Regions– Regions vs. Countries
• The Big Picture!
• 600-1450
 Regional Geography: East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa,
etc.
 Regions are NOT countries!
 “Africa” is a continent, as is “Europe.” Can these be
divided (regionally speaking) further?
 When asked to discuss regions (you will be asked to do
this!), be sure you understand where the regions exist on
your “mental map”
 Be able to identify countries/civilizations that exist w/in
those regions during the time periods specified. This is
key to successful essay writing!!!
The Big Picture: 600-1450
1. Culture areas vs. States– how should
you approach history?
2. Change in society– why did people move
around, impact of that movement. Think:
internal vs. external pressures
3. Economy and trade: similarities b/t
societies/cultures. Monetary systems,
trade routes, trade practices
The Islamic World (ch. 8)
• From Sasanid to Muhammad
• 610- the “Night of Power and Excellence”
• Mecca to Medina, back to Mecca
• Muhammad dies 632: who follows?
• Abu Bakr: caliph, Islamic empire (growth of empire=growth of Islam)
Umayyad Dynasty (to 750): capital @ Damascus; Mecca spiritual ctr; Arabic;
gold/silver coins official $ unit; conversions of conquered or taxes
• Expansion & Conflict: Byzantines, Europe (Iberian peninsula & Sicily)
• Succession?? Shia- Ali (M’s son-in law) rightful heir
Sunni- caliphs ok, leaders from the people
Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258): capital @ Baghdad; golden age for arts and
sciences;
• Trade: merchant system of credit; medicine & math; steel for sword
• Society: translate classics of Athens and Rome to Arabic
• Religion: conversions hastened by Sufis (Islamic mystics) who encouraged
adaptation of Islam to local customs
Muslims not taxed = best interests to convert!
http://www.hyperhistory.com/online
_n2/History_n2/a.html
Women and the Fall of Islamic
Empire
Women: Koran said equal before Allah
• Subservient to men
• Dowry returned if divorced
• Veiled in public
• Testimony only have worth as men
• Primary role in the home; protected/respected
under Koran
Fall of Empire: blame it on the Mongols! 1258
Baghdad sacked
EUROPE AND THE BYZANTINE
EMPIRE (ch. 9)
395 CE: Rome split east/west
• East: Byzantine Empire
• West: Dark Ages a.k.a. Middle Ages (period after fall and
before Renaissance)
Byzantine Empire:
• Greek; eastern cultures; Orthodox Christianity; capital @
Constantinople
• Trade and arts: at a crossroads; coins, major
construction of buildings/churches; mosaics to decorate
churches
• Justinian Code (r. 527-565): Roman legal principles
• Secular rulers headed the church; 1054 official split w/
Roman Catholic Church in West
Religion and Kievan Russia
(ch. 9)
Orthodox Christianity localized: services in local
language
• Political emperors in control of both politics and
church
• Secular empire
Russia: 980 Vladimir, Kievan Prince, converted to
Orthodox Christianity
• Russian Orthodox church aligned w/ Byzantine
traditions, not Roman Cath. Church
Western Europe: Fall of Rome,
Rise of the Franks and Feudalism
(ch. 9)
Fall of Rome: invasions by Germanic tribes; settled in W. Eur;
converted to Christianity
Franks: King Clovis  Charles Martel (stopped spread of Islam @
Battle of Tours 732)  Pepin (Carolingian Dynasty)  Charlemagne
(crowned by the Pope)
Franks built kingdom, not empire; Charlemagne’s empire a.k.a. Holy
Roman Empire (northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, France)
Politics/Society: Charlemagne overall control, but local lords had local
power
Rise of Church influence: W. Eur still invaded by Vikings, invaders
converted; Christianity institutionalized at every level of society
Middle of Middle Ages, Roman Catholic Church most powerful
institution in W. Eur, world.
Empires in Eastern & Western
Europe; Southwest Asia
European Feudalism
(ch. 9)
Feudalism: soc, ec, pol system
during M.Ages w/ strict
hierarchy
• Lord & peasants on manor;
Lord in charge of own manor
• Fulfill obligations to lords
above and vassals below– this
deal made it work!
• Male-dominated; women
powerless
• Primogeniture
• Peasants became skilled
workers
• Manors self-sufficient
• What happens to trade???
KING
|
NOBLES
Granted land (fiefs) for military
service and loyalty to king
Knights considered part of nobility
|
VASSALS
Lesser lords; had subordinate
vassals, too.
|
PEASANTS (SERFS)
Worked land for lord, who gave
shelter and protection
Western Europe Revival 10001200 (ch. 9, 14)
• Note: during Middle Ages as W. Eur declined then slowly reengaged w/ world, what was happening in Southwest Asia and
Islamic empires?
• Skilled peasants, growth of towns led to increased trade; middle
class, manor system not as rigid
• Towns/Cities formed alliances (Hanseatic League)
• Art: Gothic Cathedrals
• Crusades: take the Holy Land, convert; contact w/ Southwest Asia &
old Greek/Roman texts (Renaissance)
• Universities
• Scholasticism
• Pope Innocent III
• Inquisition
• Thomas Acquinas
Nation-States of Europe
(ch. 14)
Organization of W. Eur by feudal kingdoms; end of Middle Ages by
cultural/linguistic ties
Germany and Italy: decentralized; strong independent townships & kingdoms
(city-states); merchants/tradespeople gained power
England: united quickly; monarchy limited by Magna Carta, 1215; Parliament
established
France: Hundred Years War 1337-1453- French nationalism b/c of Eng.
occupation of Fr. territory Joan of Arc: rally French, kicked out Eng
Result of 100 Yrs War: royal power in Fr. centralized
Spain: Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand united various kingdoms of Spain
into single monarchy
Spanish nationalism led to Spanish Inquisition
Iberian unification
Russia: Eastern Orthodox; Mongols conquered in 1242
Late 1400s: Ivan III expands Muscovy, declared czar; Moscow became center
of Eastern Orthodox Church
CHINA
(ch. 10, 12)
• Tang (618-907)  Song Dynasty (960-1271)
• Art, architecture, literature (Tang poetry)
• Printing in China- spread of literature to Korea
and Japan
• Stability from civil service exam system
• Meritocracy; Confucian principles; core of
educated loyal gov’t workers
• Money and credit system
• Song: gunpowder, junks, steel, Champa rice
• Population growth, expansion of urban ctrs,
increased trade/cultural diffusion
THE CHINESE DYNASTY
SONG
(Tune ---- Frère Jacques / Are You Sleeping / Where is Thumbkin.)
Shang
Zhou (“Joe”)
Qin (“chin”)
Han
(Repeat)
( ------------------- 400 years of Disunity ------------------)
Sui (“sway” without “w”)
Tang
Song
(Repeat)
Yuan ------ Mongol
Ming
Qing (“ching”) --------Manchu
Republic -------- Republic of China
(Repeat)
Mao Zedong ---------People’s Republic of China / Communist China
(Repeat)
Women and Religion in China
Women: Wu Zhao, first empress of Tang China
• Patriarchal society, women considered inferior
• Women seen as worth protecting
• Foot-binding
Religion:
• Buddhism had greatest impact, mass appeal
• Confucians and Daoists saw Buddhism as
threat; Buddhists persecuted in mid 800s (Tang)
and influence decreased
Japan
(ch. 10,12)
• Yamato clan first ruling family
• 500s: Buddhism from China; Chinese
culture
• Noble classes hereditary (no civil service
exams); Birth more important than outside
influences or education
• 794 Fujiwara Family: capital @ Heian;
power spread to noble families by 1100s
Feudalism in Japan
Developed same time as Western Europe
1185 Kamakura Shogunate
Code of Bushido: samurai, strict code of conduct; loyalty,
honor, courage
Feudal arrangement based on group loyalty and identity
Japan:
Shogun (chosen by emperor)
|
Daimyo (huge landowners &
samurai)
|
Vassals
|
Peasants/artisans
Europe:
KING
|
NOBLES
Granted land (fiefs) for military
service and loyalty to king
Knights considered part of nobility
|
VASSALS
Lesser lords; had subordinate
vassals, too.
|
PEASANTS (SERFS)
Worked land for lord, who gave
shelter and protection
THE MONGOLS
(ch. 12)
• Genghis Khan: universal ruler, transcend all cultures and
religions
• 1200s- Mongol conquests: superior horse skills, bows,
cavalry, discipline; China, Russia, Persia
• Pacific Ocean to Mediterranean; largest empire
• Pax Mongolica; not a “cultural” civilization, rather one of
territory
• Mongols were illiterate, arts & sciences not created in
Mongol empires; they did promote diffusion of other
cultures through trade/contact
• Major consequences of Mongol rule: Russia lagged
behind W. Europe; growth of world trade, cultural
diffusion grew
• By 1450 Mongols declining (1368 Ming China) but global
connections maintained
Hulegu:
Il-Khan Iran
Khublai Khan:
Yuan China
AFRICA
(ch. 13)
• 200 CE: Kush empire south of Egypt
• Axum (Ethiopia): 300s conversion to Christianity; 600s
Islam
• Both empires had contact w/ other cultures through trade
Sub-Saharan Africa: caravans south to Ghana (800-1000
CE), Mali (1200-1450)  GOLD!!!
Ghana ultimately defeated by Islamic forces
Mansa Musa: Mali ruler; capital @ Timbuktu; 1307
pilgrimmage to Mecca;
Songhai: 1450s, Timbuktu major cultural center, Islamic
scholars
Arts in Africa: oral literature; sculptures
THE AMERICAS
(ch. 11)
Maya: 300-800 CE southern Mexico, parts of Cent. America
• Calendar system, zero
• Agricultural, polytheistic, religious warfare
Aztec: mid 1200s-1500 Mexico, capital @ Tenochtitlan; expansionist,
strong army; empire of 12 million
• Roads, trade; military to obtain victims for human sacrifice
• Women in household and crafts
• Allowed people in distant areas to govern selves if paid tribute
Inca: 1000 CE-1520s capital @ Cuzco; bureaucracy, unified language,
roads
• Human labor, military expansionist
• Peasants gave harvests to ruling classes, surplus led to growth of
cities
• Polytheistic, human sacrifice; temples
• No writing system
Aztec and Old Maya Civilizations
Inca Civilization
Trade Networks and Cultural
Diffusion
 600-1450 world tied together through trade
 Boats, roads, monetary systems/credit, accounting
methods all helped trade and business
Indian Ocean Trade: dominated by Persians and Arabs;
dhows and monsoons; Islam the common denominator,
intermixing of cultures
Silk Road: 1200-1600 heavy use; even w/ collapse of
Mongols, trade still went on!
 Silk, spices, porcelain, paper, military tech, Buddhism,
Islam, Christianity, food, disease
 Global Trade: not controlled by one force, group, empire
600-1450: expansion of religion and empires; isolationism
of Eur and Japan
The Crusades (ch. 9) & Movement
of Peoples
 1096 Pope Urban calls First Crusade to conquer
Holy Land from Muslims (Seljuk Turks)
 1204: Constantinople sacked
Impact: violence and mistrust b/t Christianity and
Islam
 Relig/Pol/Econ motives; violence; interaction b/t
cultures– Europe rediscovered Greek and
Roman texts
Populations: growth led to bigger cities, spread;
cities as centers of empire; pilgrimmages
MAJOR COMPARISONS:
600-1450
• Japanese and European Feudalism
• Political and Social institutions in both eastern
and western Europe
• Compare the role and funtion of cities in major
societies
• Compare Islam and Christianity
• Gender systems and changes ie; impact of Islam
• Compare Aztec and Inca empire
• Compare European and sub-Saharan African
contacts with the Islamic World