Transcript Chapter 10 2014 - Liberty Union High School District

Chapter 10
• I. Christianity
A. Mix of pagan & Christian
beliefs
• B. Christianity elimin magic but
some polytheists remained
• C. West Eur unified under R
Cath Ch
Clovis
Charlemagne
Illiterate, but
intelligent
Conquered Sp,
Germ, N Italy
•800:Charlemagne
crowned by Pope
Leo III on
Christmas Day
Successor states to the Roman empire, ca. 500 C.E.
The Carolingian empire, 814 C.E.
The dissolution of the Carolingian empire (843 C.E.) and
the invasions of the early Middle Ages
II. Feudal Society
• A. Power held by local
authorities
• B. Reduced local warfare, but
made it difficult to create
powerful centralized states
• C. Most of literate popul lived
in monasteries & copied
manuscripts
Homage and
fealty
Homage and fealty
Although the rite of entering a feudal relationship varied widely across Europe and sometimes
was entirely verbal, we have a few illustrations of it. Here the vassal kneels before the lord,
places his clasped hands between those of the lord, and declares "I become your man."
Sometimes the lord handed over a clump of earth, representing the fief, and the ceremony
concluded with a kiss, symbolizing peace between them. (Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Layout of a manor
Layout of a manor
In 1440 Edmund Rede, lord of Boarstall
Manor, Buckinghamshire, had a map
made showing his ancestor receiving the
title from King Edward I (lower field).
Note the manor house, church, and
peasants' cottages along the central road.
In the common fields, divided by
hedges, peasants cultivated on a threeyear rotation cycle: winter wheat, spring
oats, a year fallow. Peasants' pigs grazed
freely in the woods, indicated by trees.
(Buckinghamshire Record Office,
Aylesbury)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
III. Economy
• A. 400-900: invasions (by Magyars,
Vikings & Muslims)  less
production & trade
• 1. Vikings
• a. invaded rural, not urban areas
• b. used long ships to travel in coastal
& open waters & rivers
• 2. Magyars invaded Hungary
• 3. Muslims invaded Balkans & E
Euro (furthest West: Vienna)
B. Agriculture & tools
• 1. heavy plow for oxen more
agric production
• 2. 9th cent: moldboard led to
deeper turning of soil
• 3. greater use of horses (collars,
saddles & stirrups)
• 4. limited by three field system
(leave 1/3 fallow)
Iron stirrups
Iron stirrups
The tomb of Li Shimin depicts the type of horse on which the Tang armies conquered
China and Central Asia. The horses were equipped with saddles having high supports in
front and back, breastplates, and cruppers, all indicating the importance of high speeds
and quick maneuvering on the field of battle. Most significant were the iron stirrups,
which were in general use in Central Asia from the time of the Huns (fifth century). The
stirrups could support the weight of fully shielded and well-armed soldiers who rose in
the saddle to shoot arrows, use lances, or simply urge the horse to greater speeds.
Most of Europe’s literate
population was
concentrated into these
institutions and
accomplished little more
than copying old
manuscripts
Monasteries
Under this system, more
land was used for
production because only
a third was left fallow at
a time
Three field
system
European’s beliefs
in magic and
supernatural spirits
coexisted with this
faith
Christianity
This economic system
prevented the
development of strong
central states, but some
kings were able to
increase their power
Feudalism
IV. 1075: Investiture Contest
• A. Pope Gregory VII prohibits
non-clergy (like an emperor)
from making church
appointments (ex. Priests,
bishops)
• B. Holy Roman Emperor Henry
IV challenged pope & is excomm
Random & Useless
Conflicts w/Pope
• German princes
rebel against emp
• Henry asks pope to
forgive him
• 1122: Concordat of
Worms (W/ new
emp & pope), wk
out deal where Ch
appts clergy, &
emp hires clergy
• Pope Innocent III: believe
pope was supreme in
Europe
• Made Fr king take wife
back
• Made Engl king accept
Archbishop of Canterbury
• Used “interdict” (priests
could not dispense
sacraments to ppl)
Thomas
Becket,
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
was
murdered in
the cathedral
by four
knights
Random & Useless
Thomas Becket
• Born in 1118 in Normandy,
son of a wealthy merchant
• Educated in Paris, then
worked for Archbishop of
Canterbury
• King Henry II apptd Becket
chancellor
• In 1161, Henry appted him
Archbishop of Canterbury,
but he had to be ordained
• Becket was invested as a
priest.
• The next day he was ordained
as a bishop, then he became
the Archbishop of Canterbury
• In 1163, a canon accused of
murder was acquitted by the
church court--public
outrage
• Henry passed a law making it
possible to try clergy in civil
courts
• Becket disagreed with the law,
& excomm 2 bishops who
suppt the king
Random & Useless
• Becket went into exile
for 6 yrs
• In 1170, the king met
Becket in Normandy &
they resolved their
dispute
• Later, Becket refused to
reinstate the excom
clergy
• Henry complained, “who
will rid me of this
meddlesome priest?”
• 4 knights crossed the
channel from Normandy,
hacked up Becket & split
his skull in the cathedral
• The knights were
disgraced, Canterbury-
a shrine to Becket
• Henry had wear a sackcloth, & walk barefoot
through Canterbury, then
he was flogged by 80
monks.
• He also had to spend a
night in Becket’s crypt
V. Centralized govts
• A. France: over centuries created
powerful, central states: Fr gained
territ through marriage, war
• B. England: developed a powerful,
centralized state quickly: 1066: Wm
the Conqueror invaded England &
defeated Anglo Saxons
• C. Holy Roman Empire: too spread
out, competing German princes; did
not build a strong monarchy from
regional (principality) foundations
Bayeux Tapestry
Bayeux Tapestry
The Bayeux Tapestry was commissioned by the brother of William the
Conqueror. This detailed design of needlework is wool embroidery executed on
eight bolts of natural linen cloth, employing only two types of stitches. It
narrates the story of the Norman invasion of England in 1066 from the
perspective of the Normans, depicting both the triumphs and brutality of war.
Designed to run clockwise around the nave of the Cathedral of Bayeux in
Normandy, the tapestry is 230 feet long and 20 inches high. Scholars assume
that it was fashioned by the women of Queen Matilda's court. This scene
portrays the death of the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward, and the coronation of
Harold. The people on the left rejoice at the news of this event, whereas the
people on the right view it as a portent of disaster. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
VI. Towns & Trade
• A. Food surplus led to more
trade & towns
• B. Urban society grew
• 1. Peas & serfs escape to
towns
• 2. Better econless rigid
social class structure
Hanseatic league merchants
Hanseatic league merchants
In the thirteenth century the
merchants of Hamburg and
other cities in northern
Germany formed an
association for the suppression
of piracy and the acquisition of
commercial privileges in
foreign countries. Members of
the Hansa traded in furs, fish,
wax, and oriental luxury
goods. This miniature depicts
members of the Hansa at the
port of Hamburg.
Hanseatic League: Baltic & N Sea trade
The Hansa: Russia to Engl: traded grain, fish, fur, timber
Rhine & Danube link Hansa to Medit
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Battle of Crecy, 1346
Battle of Crecy, 1346
Pitched battles were unusual in the Hundred Years' War. At the Battle
of Crecy, the English (on the right with lions on their royal standard)
scored a spectacular victory. The longbow proved a more effective
weapon over the French crossbow, but characteristically the artist
concentrated on the aristocratic knights.
C. Guilds
• 1. Estab high standards,
regulated prices &
membership
• 2. Emph group protection,
not profits (not free mkt)
• 3. regulated apprenticeship
& guaranteed workmanship
Random & Useless
The Crusades
• 1095: Pope
Urban II calls
for a holy war
for the holy
land, promises
remission from
sin
• Fewer Euro wars
led knights to seek
adventure
elsewhere
• Knights wanted to
plunder & spread
faith
D. The Crusades
• 1.
Crusade: knights take
Jerusalem & hold it for 100
yrs
• 2. 4th Crusade:
• a. Venetian merchants
reroute crusaders to
Christian Constantinople
• b. They pillage & kill
Christians in Constantinople
st
1
Eleanor of Acquitaine
Random & Useless
Eleanor of Acquitaine
• At age 15 she married
Louis VII, King of
France, bringing into
the union her vast
possessions from the
River Loire to the
Pyrenees. Only a few
years later, at age 19,
she offered thousands
of her vassals for the
Second Crusade.
• While the church may
have been pleased to
receive her thousand
fighting vassals, they
were less happy when
they learned that
Eleanor, attended by 300
of her ladies, also
planned to go to help
"tend the wounded."
Random & Useless
• The presence of
Eleanor, her ladies and
wagons of female
servants, was criticized
throughout her
adventure. Dressed in
armor and carrying
lances, the women
never fought.
• When they reached the
city of Antioch, Eleanor
found herself deep in a
renewed “friendship”
with Raymond, her
uncle.
• Only a few years older than
Eleanor, Raymond was far
more interesting and
handsome than her husband
King Louis.
• On her way home, while
resting in Sicily, Eleanor was
brought the news that her
uncle had been killed in
battle, and his head delivered
to the Caliph in Baghdad.
• In 1152 her marriage to Louis
was annulled and her vast
estates reverted to her
control.
• Within a year, at age thirty,
she married twenty year old
Henry of England.
Random & Useless
• Eleanor left her two
daughters by Louis to
be raised in the
French court.
• Henry was eleven
years younger than
she.
• Henry became king of
England in 1154.
• For the next thirteen
years Eleanor
constantly bore Henry
children: five sons
and three daughters.
• In 1173 she led her three
of her sons in a rebellion
against Henry.
• The rebellion was put
down, and fifty-year-old
Eleanor was imprisoned by
Henry in various fortified
buildings for the next
fifteen years.
• In 1189, Henry died. On
the accession of her son
Richard I to kingship,
• Eleanor died in 1204 at her
favorite religious house, the
abbey of Fontevrault.
Random & Useless
King Henry II
• Married Eleanor of
• Three of his five sons,
Acquitaine at 20
Geoffrey, John &
• Appointed Thomas
Richard rebelled
Becket Archbishop of
against him
Canterbury in 1162
• Three sons, Wm,
• Becket was murdered &
Geoffrey & Henry
Henry did penance
predeceased him
• Established Justices of
•
He
was
succeeded
by
the Peace & formalized
his least favorite son
English common law &
Richard
trial by jury
Random & Useless
King Richard the Lionheart
• Richard Plantagenet
reigned from 1189-1199. He
was in England for only
6mos during those 10 yrs.
• He was the 2nd & favorite
son of Eleanor of Acquitaine
• As the 2nd son, he was the
heir to Acquitaine (Fr)
• His 1st language was
French & he spoke little
English
• Richard & his 3 bros,
encouraged by their mother,
revolted against their father
Henry II.
• 1183: Richard’s oldest brother
Henry died, making him heir to
the throne & his father’s lands
• 1189: Richard was crowned
after his father’s death. He
promptly freed his 65 yr old
mother.
• 1194: Returning from the 3rd
Crusade, he is captured by
Leopold of Austria & ransomed
for 3 tons of silver (3yrs annual
income in England)
• 1199: He was struck by an
arrow while laying seige to a
French village. His brother John
(Magna Carta, 1205) succeeded
him.
The regional states of medieval Europe, 1000-1300 C.E.
The medieval expansion of Europe, 1000-1250 C.E.
Random & Useless
English Peasant Revolt
• The king raised tripled • Ball & Tyler attacked
property & killed the Lord
the poll tax from 4
pence to 12
Chancellor & Archbishop
of Canterbury
• King Richard II was
14 yrs old &
• Wat Tyler was stabbed
unpopular ministers
but king told the rebels
ruled for him
he had been knighted &
• The govt ordered
would meet them later
peas wages reduced • King captured &
to pre-plague levels &
executed the rebel
restricted the
leaders
movement of peas
The Death of Wat Tyler
King Richard II meet rebels in London
During the High Middle
Ages, there were many
conflicts between these
two groups (not pope &
king)
Landlords and
peasants
These groups
emphasized group
protection over a free
market economy
Guilds
After the European
economy improved
after the tenth
century, this structure
was less rigid
Social
The education system
in this country was
tied to the
bureaucracy, unlike in
West Europe
China
Growth of towns, new agric
techniques, more political
stability & the end of these
led to a stronger Western
Europe by 1100
Viking raids
The practice of the
king appointing
bishops was
called this
Investiture
When Germanic kings
converted to Christianity,
this religious leader thought
he had separate & superior
power over them
The pope
After 500, the pope had the
power to give orders to &
excom kings, sponsor
missionary activity &
appoint these
Clergy or Bishops
These emperors did not
build a solid monarchy
from regional
foundations
Holy Roman
The monarchy here
was established
quickly after the
Norman conquest in
1066
England