Transcript Charlemagne
Unit Essential Question How did Feudalism develop after the fall of Rome? Lesson Essential Question How did Charlemagne bring all of Western Europe under his rule? Charlemagne Pepin’s son, Charles, became ruler of the Franks. He was known as “Charles the Great” or Charlemagne. He wanted to bring western Europe under his rule. He wanted all Germanic people to be Christian. Charlemagne defeated the Lombards in Italy. Next, he attacked the Saxons, who lived in what is now northern Germany. Charlemagne also crossed the Pyrenees Mountains to fight the Muslims in Spain. Charlemagne accomplished a large empire. It included most of the Germanic peoples who had settled in Europe. A Christian Empire-Charlemagne Charlemagne was the most important ruler in western Europe. The people considered him as important as any Roman emperor. • Charlemagne wanted to keep close ties between the government and the church. o Church officials kept records and helped Charlemagne run the country. o In turn, he appointed bishops and regarded any act against the church as a sign of disloyalty to him. They (both Charlemagne and the Pope) both wanted a new Christian Roman Empire in western Europe. Christmas Day 800 AD Charlemagne was worshiping in St. Peter’s Church in Rome. When the religious ceremony was over, the Pope placed a crown on Charlemagne’s head. The Pope declared Charlemagne the new Roman emperor. Although Charlemagne accepted the title, he was not happy that the Pope had crowned him. This made it seem as if the emperor’s right to rule came from the Pope rather than directly from God. Charlemagne and Laws Charlemagne was a wise and just ruler. He issued many laws. He set up courts throughout the empire. Charlemagne chose officials called counts to run the courts. Counts took care of local problems, stopped feuds, protected the weak and poor, and raised armies. Charlemagne and Laws It was difficult to keep the counts under control because of poor transportation and communication. Charlemagne appointed royal messengers to check on the counts. Once a year, Charlemagne called his counts together to talk over new laws and discuss problems in the empire. The final decisions about laws were made by Charlemagne. Charlemagne and Education Most people during his time did not know how to read or write. He appreciated learning. He encouraged learning, and had churches and monasteries found schools. He encouraged children of government officials to train for careers in the church or royal household. Scholars from all over Europe taught in Charlemagne’s schools. The scholars copied manuscripts and created lower case letters since the Roman capital letters took up too much space. Lords The lords, or nobles, were the most powerful people in Charlemagne’s empire. They were descendants of Frankish warriors and Roman landowners. Estate Life -(Fife) The estate during Charlemagne’s time 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Most of the lord’s wealth came from goods grown or made on their estates. Each estate took care of its own needs. There were shoemakers, carpenters, and blacksmiths on each estate. There were also artisans who made weapons, jewelry, and cooking vessels. Lords lived in stone farmhouses. The estate during Charlemagne’s time Wooden stockades, or fences, often were built around the houses. 7. Each farmhouse had a banquet hall, sleeping quarters, cellars, stables, storage places, and a small chapel. 8. Farmers lived in simple wooden houses in small villages on the estates. 9. The fields were owned by the lords and the farmers worked them three days a week. 10. The rest of the time they worked small pieces of land the lords had given them. 6. The estate Frankish farmers became serfs, over time, they did more for the nobles and less for themselves. Learning and Religion 1. Neither nobles nor the farmers had much time to learn to read or write or to think about religion. 2. Both groups accepted Christianity, but it had little to do with their daily life. 3. They did celebrate religious holidays. The Collapse of the Empire Why did Charlemagne’s empire collapse after his death? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The empire needed a strong and able ruler. Charlemagne’s heirs were neither. Many counts and lords became increasingly independent. They cared more about their own estates than about the good of the empire. Europe was once again divided into smaller territories. Lesson Essential Question pages 367369 Why did Feudalism develop? Land and Government- Feudal system Central government collapsed after Charlemagne died Local nobles take over the responsibility of raising armies to protect property Feudalism- landowning nobles govern and protect people in exchange for services such as fighting in the noble’s army or farming the land Feudal system Power was based on ownership of land Before feudalism- kings owned all the land within their territories but later land or fifes were given as rewards for the service. Land ownership was tied to military service. Land and Government After 814- Europe had no central government Kings were weak and had difficulty ruling their own kingdoms They relied on nobles for food, horses, and soldiers- nobles began to increase their power with the ability to collect taxes, enforce laws, raise armies, and coin money Some were more powerful than the king 900- these nobles protected the people from Viking raids by building fortresses and fences. Peasants ask nobles for protection and in return the peasants gave land and promise to work for nobles in the fields. Most peasants will give up their freedom as well By 1000- western Europe was divided into many feudal territories- nobles who owned the land made laws- peasants had no say in their government Lesson Essential Question pages 369378 How were roles established in feudal society? Social Structure Peasants and townspeople made up largest group Had fewer rights than clergy and nobles Belief that God wanted it that way Most people stayed in the social class in which they were born Lord and Vassal Based on ties of loyalty and duty among nobles Nobles could be both lord and vassal- who served a lord of higher rank and gave him loyalty Lords protect vassals All nobles were vassals of the king Act of Homage- ceremony The tie between the lord and vassal was made official in a special ceremony called an Act of Homage. The vassal knelt before a lord and promised to serve and protect him in battle. The lord was given a fife in return for the promise of loyalty and service. When vassals died- the fife was passed on to his oldest son The Nobility Life was not always easy for the nobles during feudal times From the 800-1000’s nobles lived in wooden houses surrounded by high wooden fences or palisades. People from the villages could seek shelter in case of attack House was 1 room with high ceiling- all activity took place in that one room People ate with their fingers and threw scraps on floor, floors were covered with debris that needed removed and burned every so often Fires did little to keep the house warm Castles By the 1100’s people lived in houses made of stone called castles. They were designed as fortresses- complete with lookout towers, a moat, outer walls, drawbridge, and iron gate called a portcullis The middle tall tower called the keep had a great hall, many rooms, and a dungeon The keep could be lived in even if the rest of the castle fell to attackers Many people besides the nobles lived in the castle- servants, officials, shop keepers, troops, and guests Most castles could hold supplies for up to six months so people could hold out that long in case of attack Medieval Castle Diagram of a Castle Castle Life When a noble was at home: they looked after their estate went hunting went fishing held court Played chess Minstrels played music Singing songs Played string instruments Ladies What noblewomen were called Once married- their husband had complete control over them Marriages planned to unite important families and woman had little say about it Bride’s family paid a dowry- nobles looked for women with a large dowry Women married by the age of 12 If they were still single at age 21, they probably would stay single for the rest of their lives Helped run estate, had to defend castle when husband was away. Raised children Took care of husband Care for sick on the fife, make embroidery cloth, train young girls in household duties of the castle Knighthood Almost all nobles were knights. Knighthood had to be earned. Expected to follow certain rules known as the Code of Chivalry It was a guide of behavior from which the idea of good manners originated Code of Chivalry A knight must: uphold the “Code” Obey his lord Show bravery Respect woman of noble birth Honor the Church Help people Be honest Fight fair Training of a Knight A little noble boy’s training started at age 7 He was sent away to the house of another lord where he learned to be a page PagesHelped care for the horses of the knight Polished armor Learned manners Ran errands for the ladies At age 14- he could handle a sword and lance on horseback Squire Age 15- he became a squire that was placed under the care of a knight Go into battle with the knight Rescue knight if he was wounded or fell off horse Proved to be good fighter- rewarded by being made a knight. Dubbing Ceremony This happened when a squire became a knight Knelt before the lord with a sword above his neck Promise to defend the church and his lord, and protect the weak The lord tapped his shoulder and proclaimed him a knight The sword was placed in a scabbard or sword holder at the knight’s side which symbolized the knight would fight by the lord’s side Dubbing Ceremony Daily Life on Manors Nobles, knights, and peasants all depended on the land for everything. The land was divided into manors or farming communities They were found on fifes and owned by nobles A number of officials ran the manor- each were chosen by the noble They were loyal and carried out the nobles orders Diagram of Manor Officials Seneschal- visited each fife regularly Bailiff- made sure peasants worked in the fields Each manor had its own court of law that gave out fines, punishments, and settled disputes Self Sufficient Manors were isolated from one another due to frequent fighting and poor and / or lack of transportation The manor produced: Food Clothing Shelter for the peasants and the nobles Raised sheep for wool and cattle for meat and milk Grew grain and vegetables Made cloth Built homes and tools Nobles lived in wooden houses or a castle Peasants lived in a small village or cottages Each village had a church, a mill, bread oven, and wine press Forests, meadows, and pastures surrounded the manor Lesson Essential Question pages 381395 How did the church influence feudal society? Role of Church in Middle Ages Never was there a time when the Church was so powerful in Western Civilization. Role of Church Daily life revolved around the church Holidays were to honor saints and religious events On Fridays- they did not eat meat On Sundays- they would attend mass Role of Church The church ran hospitals and schools Monks and Nuns were to provide food and shelter for travelers Priests would record births, perform marriages, and conduct burials for people They also would transcribe the Bible by hand since the printing press was not invented yet Role of Church The clergy were to help govern Europe along with the kings and nobles They advised the king, kept records if the king could not read or write Nobles would chose parish priests who would urge the people to respect the king and other nobles People had to obey the king’s laws unless they went against Canon or church laws. If people disobeyed the pope or went against canon laws they could be excommunicated or asked to leave the church. The church faced a problem with heresy. At first they tried to fight it with preaching. In 1129- the Inquisition begins- a court was created to end heresy within the church You had 1 month to confess, then appear in court, your punishment would be whipping or a short prison sentence If you didn’t appear- you were captured and brought to trial. Two witnesses were called and based on their testimony, you were determined to be a heretic or not. If you confessed- you were punished and allowed to rejoin church If you refused to confess-you were tortured or burned at stake. Role of Church- Reforms Church was supported by tithes which was an offering of 10% of your income. Nobles gave land and money to build churches and monasteries Monks start to neglect religious responsibilities Church becomes corrupt Monks of Cluny (France)Nobles start to build monasteries that follow the Benedictine RuleThe Monks of Cluny live a simple life and pray and recognize the authority of the Pope only. They also believe that that Pope should choose church leadership not the nobles. Role of Church- Pope Gregory VII He had 2 goals as Pope 1. Rid the church of control by kings and nobles 2. Increase the Pope’s power over the church officials. Under Gregory’s leadership- if church leaders were corrupt, they were removed from office and bishops and priests were forbidden to marry. In 1075 Gregory declared: 1. The Pope was above any king 2. Pope would choose bishops and church leaders 3. Government leaders who didn’t obey the Pope were removed from office / power 4. The people didn’t have to obey leaders who went against the Pope Role of Church- Friars Friars or preachers would help carry out these reforms They sold their belongings before becoming a friar They were preachers They would depend on gifts of food and money from the people They didn’t marry and followed monastery rules But they differed from monks by: Living in the towns among the people and not shutting themselves away and bringing Christianity directly to the people. Role of the Church-Cathedrals The clergy set up schools in cathedrals which are large churches. They purpose of these schools was to prepare nobles’ sons for service to the church. Training was not only for priesthood or for monks- you could be trained to be a government worker, lawyer, or teacher Studies included- grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music Students paid a fee, books were costly and there were not many available, so most students memorized the lectures The teacher paid rent to have a space to teach in dark, cold cathedrals Role of Church- Universities There were complaints from students that the cathedral schools didn’t offer classes that covered all subjects There were complaints from the teachers that there were too many untrained teachers teaching So they formed a union or a group that joins together for a common cause These unions eventually became universities that were devoted to learning and by the 1200’s they were all over Europe. A church official called a chancellor headed each university who gave people permission to teach Classes were well organized and held at set times Tests were need to pass Lecturers had to be at least 21 with 6 years leaning experience Crusades Christians from Western Europe visited shrines in the holy city of Jerusalem. In 1071, The Seljuq Turks conquered the conquered the city and took control of the Christian shrines there. Traveling to the Holy Land was difficult and dangerous. When this news reached Western Europe, the Christians were shocked and angered. The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades. These wars occurred between 1095 and 1291. In 1095- Pope Urban II agreed to help the Byzantine Empire against the Turks. Crusades In 1097- The Peasant’s Crusade successfully captured Jerusalem but the Christians could not hold on to the city. The Kings Crusade- King Richard I (Lionhearted) (King of England) set out on a crusade with 2 other kings (Frederick Barbarossa Germany and Phillip II Augustus of France)- could not defeat Saladin and signed a truce with him. In 1202- Crusaders with the help of the Venetians burned and looted Constantinople. The Muslims regained all of Palestine in 1291. Crusades brought lasting changes to Europe including the end of feudalism. Crusades Lasting Effects of the Crusades 1. The spilt between Eastern and Western Christianity became permanent. 2. The Byzantine Empire was weakened by the Crusades 3. The Crusades broke down the feudal system in the Western Europe 4. Europeans began to take an interest in the culture, fashions, food, learning styles and other luxuries of the Middle East. New trade centers and trade routes were established. 5. This lead to the rise of trade towns and the emerging importance of trade. 6. The Crusades help bring about the end of feudalism.