Transcript 3. East Francia / Western Empire

西方文明史
第八講：
卡洛林帝國瓦解；教宗與神聖羅馬皇帝；法蘭西地區的「封建制度」
劉 慧
教授
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1
Political Development from the Late
Empire to 1100
1.
The kingdom of the Franks under the Merovingian Dynasty 482-751
•
2.
The kingdom of the Franks under the Carolingian Dynasty 751-843-911/987
•
•
3.
Royal coronation
Charlemagne
East Francia/ the Western Empire (the Holy Roman Empire) 911-1122
•
•
4.
Roman/ Frankish institutions
The Saxon kings (919-1024)
The Papal Reform and the Investiture Controversy
West Francia/ France 888-1100
•
Territorial principalities and the ‘feudal transformation of 1000’
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1. The Merovingian Dynasty 482-751
•
•
•
•
Warrior-peasants crossed the Rhine
to serve in the Roman military or to settle
The Franks = coalition of Rhenish groups
for military operations
Clovis (482-511): united the Frankish groups
Expansions after his death:
•
•
Thuringians (531)
Burgundians (533)
Provence (536)
Main divisions of the kingdom
– Neustria, Austrasia, Burgundy, Aquitaine.
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1.1 Roman / Frankish institutions
• Catholicism, Latin
• Kingdom divisible upon the king’s death; long hair
• Local administration
– The count managed a city (civitas, subdivision of a province)
– In some cases, the bishop looked after public works, built parish churches, maintained order –
‘immunity’
• Law
– Gallo-Romans continued to use Roman law (until in some areas there were no more competent
judges)
– Blood feuds → wergild; compurgation or ordeals
• Economic organization and taxation
– Great rural estates (villas) were organised as self-supporting communities and tax-collecting
agencies
– The Franks were unable to maintain Roman-style city-life (already in decline in the 4th c though)
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2. The Carolingians
• The Carolingians were hereditary Mayor of the Palace
of Austrasia from 639
• Coronation and anointment of Pippin III the Short
(741/751-768)
– Promoting a new concept of kingship
• Merovingians king were ‘born’, not ‘made’
– Succession = making a progress of his kingdom, receiving oaths of
fealty.
• Idea of useful/useless king: the rex inutilis
– arriving on an ox-cart at the annual general assembly; giving
coached speeches; receiving ambassadors
– Impotence, incompetence, passivity
– Extraordinary supernatural intervention: sacred,
priestly king
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2.1 Charlemagne 768-814
1.
The Carolingian Renaissance
–
2.
Charlemagne’s administration
–
–
3.
4.
Promoted learning. Commentaries. Book copying
300+ counts, margraves (marquis), dukes.
Missi dominici
Itinerant court, annual assembly,
local assemblies (placita); capitularies
Military campaigns: Saxony
Charlemagne and the Church: the
imperial coronation of 800
– Capitularies
– Emperor of the Romans
• Reconstructed the Western Roman Empire;
imitating the Byzantines
• Emperors were made by popes.
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Titles, crowning own son
• Louis the Pious 814-840: imperial ideology
• Treaty of Verdun 843 divided the empire
– Triumph of the Frankish idea of divisible kingship
– West Francia, East Francia, Middle Francia
– Further divisions, 870, 888
• Imperial title:
– -899 LP’s sons, grandsons and great-grandson; -924 Italian kinglets and C’s
descendants in the female line; 924-962 none
• Last Carolingian kings: in the east 911; in the west 987
– Local particularism; lack of empire-wide infrastructure
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3. East Francia / Western Empire
• The Carolingians
– Charlemagne’s eastern expansion
Louis the German (840-876)
Louis the Child (899-911)
• The duchies of Lorraine, Franconia,
Swabia, Bavaria, Saxony
• The Saxon kings 919-1024
• Election, the Magyars, the church and the idea
of monarchy, Louis the German’s legacy
– Otto I (936-973)
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• 955 defeated the Magyars at Lechfeld
• 951 conquered Lombardy; 962 was crowned emperor (precursor of the Holy
Roman Empire)
• Otto’s Imperial Church System – as counterweight to lay nobility
– Bishops and abbots as agents of government
– Often appointed by the king despite canonical rules
– Church estates supported warriors and provided hospitality for the king
and his entourage
• The Salian kings 1024-1125
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3.1 The Church
•
•
Monasteries (abbeys, priories)
Patriarchs, archbishops, bishops,
priests, deacons
– Bishops were elected
•
The Bishop of Rome
– Prestige: ancient capital, the Petrine theory
– Leo I (440-61), Gregory I (590-604)
– Not much contact with areas outside Italy until the 8th c
•
•
•
•
747 Frankish archbishops received pallia from Rome
751 anointment of Pippin the Short
‘Ministry of Prayers’. Rural parishes, tithes
Proprietary churches
– The founder and descendents appointed parish priests
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3.2 The Gregorian Reform
• Popes Leo IX (r.1049-1054) and Gregory VII (r.1073-1085)
– Priestly celibacy became required
• Popular interest in religious matters. Problem with authority
– Simony
• E.g. the Council of Reims 1049
– 1059: the ‘Papal Election Decree’. The Cardinals
– Free election of bishops (free from lay interference)
– The Investiture Controversy
• The king handing over the ring and staff to the new bishop
– Canossa. Excommunication/ military intervention. Anti-popes/ anti-kings
• Monastic lifestyle as inspiration for the reform ↔ tradition
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The College of Cardinals
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Ring and Staff
crosier
13
• The Concordat of Worms 1122 between Henry V and
Calixtus II
– A bishop should be canonically elected, though the king had
the right to be present at the election and to make the final
decision in a dispute
– After the election, before his consecration as bishop, the
candidate was to do homage to the king, and to receive the
land and secular jurisdiction attached to his office
– The king gave up lay investiture with ring and staff, but could
bestow a scepter as the symbol of secular power in a
separate ceremony
• Similar agreements in France 1104, England 1107
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• Mid 11th c-1122: steady increase of papal authority
– A court system; canon law became more systematized
– Legates, church-wide councils, papal chancery
– Moral authority
• Clerical celibacy and simony as moral issues
• Convinced both the lay and the clergy. The other became a caste apart
– The first crusade 1096-99: the pope could mobilize people and
resources from a wide area
• A ‘Papal Monarchy’ in the 12th and 13th c
– legislative and judicial power of the pope extended throughout
western Christendom
15
• The papal reform
– made possible the dominant role the church was
to play in the 12th and 13th c
– led to continual struggle between empire and
papacy that shaped future history of Germany and
Italy
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4. West Francia/ France
• East and West
– After 911: the Western Franks considered
themselves the sole representative of the
Frankish (Carolingian) past
– After 962: Roman imperial orientation in
East Francia: the ‘Western Empire’
→‘Francia’ = designation for France from the
11th c
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Louis III 879-882/ Carloman 879-884
Charles the Fat 884-887
Odo 888-98
Charles the Simple 898-922
Robert I 922-3
Raoul 923-36
Louis IV 936-54
Lothar II 954-86
Louis V 986-87
Hugh Capet 987-96
Robert II the Pious 996-1031;
Henry I 1031-60; Philip I 1060-1108;
Louis VI 1108-1137; Louis VII 1137-1180 … 1328
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4.1 The Carolingian
and Capetian Kings
• Charles the Fat 884-887
• Odo
(count of Paris, duke of France), 888-898
• Robert I 922-923
• Raoul 923-936
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4.3 The territorial principalities
• The duchies
– Aquitaine (counts of Poitiers or Auvergne)
• only did homage to the Capetian king in the 12th c
– Normandy 911
• The counties, e.g.
– Flanders
• Baldwin I count of Ghent, Waas
and after 864 Ternois and Flanders
• Further expansion under Baldwin II
(879-918) and Arnulf I (918-65). Castles
– Anjou
• Fulk the Red vicomte of Angers – 929/42 became count of Anjou
– According to genealogy compiled in late 11thc, he was a royal forester
• 960-1040 Poitou, Saintonge, Maine, Vendôme. Castles
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4.3 Georges Duby and the Feudal Transformation
• 950 the count of Mâcon exercised the ban for himself
– Ban = power to command and constrain, to judge
– Became a hereditary princely dynasty
– Leading men of the locality became the count’s fideles
(sworn and faithful men)
• 1000 the count’s fideles (6 local lords who had kept
fortresses for him) ceased to attend his court
+ set up their own castles: the independent castellans
– They imposed their own ban on the surrounding district
• 1030 free local landowners (holders of allods) were forced
to become vassals of the castellans:
the conversion of allods into fiefs
• Feudal anarchy in the early 11th c
21
Macon
• 1100 the mounted warriors dominated their peasants
– 11th-c castellans of the Mâconnais depended on them to assert their ban
– Mostly lords of one village. ‘adoubement’ (dubbing)
• Other regional studies show
– The descent of the ban happened in many areas of France; though many
regional princes managed to keep the castellans of their realms under
control
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• Dukes, margraves, counts etc appropriated a host of attributes,
privileges and rituals taken directly from royal models, yet
never became king
• Just kingship = respect for the principle of consensus and the
right of magnates to rule
• 1050-12th c: economic and governmental colonization by the
Capetian kings
– Rising cost of the technologies of power.
– Theory of a hierarchy of fiefs and priority homages
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4.4 Elizabeth Brown and Susan Reynolds
• ‘Feudalism’ is a construct, a composite picture; it interferes with
our understanding of pre-12th c society
• 12th c: academic lawyers and centralizing, bureaucratic kingship
• 16th c and beyond: legal scholars, 18th and 19th-c thinkers,
historians
• Pre-12th c: great diversity
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授權聲明
頁碼
3、6
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
WIKIPEDIA / Sémhur
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg)，
2012.04.26 visited.
3
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merovingian_dynasty.jpg)，
2012.04.26 visited.
5
Flickr / UK Parliament
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/uk_parliament/4639491032/in/photostream/)，
2012.04.26 visited.
5
Flickr / UK Parliament
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/uk_parliament/4638446139/)，
2012.04.26 visited.
7
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lotharingie.jpg)，
2012.04.26 visited.
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頁碼
作品
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WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HRR_10Jh.jpg)，
2012.04.26 visited.
8
Nordiskisrael / Mikkel Stjernholm Kragh
(http://www.nordiskisrael.dk/artikler/germany_a_branch_of_israel.htm)，
2012.03.26 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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Flickr / Catholic Westminster
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/catholicwestminster/2675895526/in/photostream/)，
2012.04.26 visited.
10
WIKIPEDIA / CyberAngel
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pallium.jpg)，
2012.04.26 visited.
12
Flickr / deanbkrafft
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/krafft/3358609610/)，
2012.04.26 visited.
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頁碼
作品
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作者 / 來源
12
Flickr / Catholic Church (England and Wales)/ Mazur
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/catholicism/4634620841/in/photostream/)，
2012.04.26 visited.
12
WIKIPEDIA
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardinal_Wolsey_Christ_Church.jpg)，
2012.04.26 visited.
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestand:Cardinal-Richelieu.jpg)，
2012.04.26 visited.
13
Flickr / Catholic Church (England and Wales)/Mazur
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/catholicism/4902138537/in/photostream/)，
2012.04.26 visited.
13
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crosiere_of_arcbishop_Heinrich_of_Finstingen.j
pg)，2012.04.27 visited.
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頁碼
作品
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Flickr / spricey
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/7250937@N06/5339550597/)，
2012.04.26 visited.
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_France_1030-fr.svg)，
2012.04.27 visited.
17、
21
Mygeoinfo
(http://www.mygeo.info/landkarten_frankreich.html)，
2012.04.27 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
18、
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8c
le.jpeg)，2012.04.27 visited.
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國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉慧 教授。
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頁碼
21
作品
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作者 / 來源
Flickr / epeigne37
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/74791601@N00/576329956/)，
2012.04.27 visited.
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