Transcript Middle Ages PowerPoint

Middle Ages
Middle Ages
• Standard: Analyze European medieval society
with regard to culture, politics, society, and
economics.
• Essential Question: How did European
medieval society develop with regard to
culture, politics, society, and economics?
Feudalism
• Element: Explain the manorial system and
feudalism; include the status of peasants and
feudal monarchies and the importance of
Charlemagne.
• Vocabulary: manorial system, feudalism,
peasants, feudal monarchies, Charlemagne
Influence of the Early Middle Ages
• Also called Medieval Times or the Dark Ages
• Approximately between 5th and 10th century
AD
• A mixture of the following:
– Leftovers from Ancient Rome
– The Germanic Invaders
– The Roman Catholic Church
Medieval Invasions
• Huns and Germanic tribes
• Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims
• Effects of Invasions:
– Loss of common language
– Decline in learning
– Population shifts
– Downfall of cities
– Disruption of trade
Vikings
A Viking Ship and some Viking
Swords
Magyars
Prince Arpad
crossing the
Carpathian Basin
in Central Europe.
Loss of a Common Language
• Mixture of Latin to various Germanic dialects
• Will produce:
– English
– French
– German
– Italian
– Spanish
Manorial System
• Self sustaining environment
• Created to replace the empire into smaller
kingdoms to defend against 9th century
invasions
• Strengthening of tribal government into the
development of feudalism
• Led to:
– downfall of cities
– disruption of trade
Impact of the Manorial System
• Move from urban to rural living
– decline of learning
– population shifts
– downfall of cities
• Germans inability to maintain Roman bridges and road
systems
• Because no longer in urban area do not have access to
schools or libraries
– Population becomes Illiterate
– Germans do not write nor read therefore limited written
accounts of this period
– Created “myths” or “folktales” using spoken epics of their
“alleged” histories
Economic System
• Manors
Lord’s Estate
Set of rights and obligations between serfs and
lords
Self-sufficient community producing a variety of
goods
Code of Behavior
• Chivalry
Displays of courage and
valor in combat
Respect toward women
Devotion to a feudal lord
and heavenly lord
Knights
• Education (Guild):
– Paige at age 7
– Squire at age 14
– Knight at age 21
• Code Chivalry:
– A promise of loyalty and bravery, to defend God,
their Lord, and Lady, to protect the innocent and
weak
Knights fighting and going to battle
A knights code of Chivalry
Castle Life
• Knights lived with their
Feudal lords
–
–
–
–
Large walls
Guard towers
Possibly a moat
Cold and dark inside the
castle
– Large eating hall
Belief System
• The Church
Power over people’s everyday lives
Unifying force of Christian faith
Involvement in political affairs
Political System
• Feudalism
Form of government
based on landholding
Alliances between lords
and vassals
Oaths of loyalty in
exchange for land and
military service
Ranking of power and
authority
Fief
• A fee
• consisted of heritable property or rights
granted by an overlord to a vassal
• held it in fealty in return for a form of feudal
allegiance and service(military)
Status of Peasants
• Peasants were tied to the manor and did not leave
• worked the lands of the lords for protection by the lords
knights
Feudal Monarchs
• Overlord of the
property and granted
fealty to lords for the
manors
New Germanic Kingdoms
Fall of Rome:
• after the collapse of the Western Roman
Empire
• a number of states ruled by German kings
replaced the Western Roman Empire by 500
New Germanic Kingdoms
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•
Franks
only German kingdom to endure
founder was Clovis
converted to Christianity around 500
established a kingdom that reached from the
Pyrenees to present-day France and western
Germany by 510 AD
New Germanic Kingdoms
Charles Martel
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•
Known as “the Hammer”
lived years after the death of Clovis
Official title was mayor of the palace
came to power by fighting the Muslims in
Spain
• Depiction of the “Battle of Tours”
Pepin the short
• Charles Martel’s son
• defeated the Lombards
and submitted to the
Pope
• officially established
the Carolingian
Dynasty
Charlemagne and the Carolingians
Description:
• became ruler of the Frankish
Kingdom in 768
• known as Charles the Great
• a strong statesman and pious
Christian
• illiterate but supported learning
• ruled from 768 to 814
• expanded the kingdom into what
became known as the Carolingian
Empire
• Charlemagne’s power and prestige
grew
Charlemagne and the Carolingians
Importance:
• covered much of western and central Europe and
was unsurpassed until the time of Napoleon
• in 800 crowned emperor of the Romans by the
pope
• symbolized the coming together of the Roman,
Christian, and Germanic elements that forged a
new European civilization
• the spiritual leader of western Christendom had
crowned a German king Roman emperor
Growth of European Kingdoms
Impact of Feudalism
• gave power to many different lords
• kings began to extend their own powers
• laid the foundations for the European
kingdoms that still dominate Europe
• political institutions created by England
impacted the formation of democracy in the
United States
Rise of England
Rise of England
Norman Invasion:
• in 1066
• an army commanded by William of Normandy
defeated King Harold of England at the Battle
of Hastings
• William was crowned king of England and
began to combine Anglo-Saxon and Norman
institutions
Rise of England
Rise of the monarchy:
• Henry II ruled from 1154 to
1189
• enlarged the power of the
English monarchy
• expanded the royal courts’
powers to cover more
criminal and property cases
• a body of common law
began to replace varying
local codes
Magna Carta
• many nobles rebelled against King John over
expanding power of the English monarch
• by 1215 at Runnymeade, John was forced to sign
the Magna Carta, or Great Charter
– gave written recognition to the longstanding feudal
idea of mutual rights and obligations between lord
and vassal (a document of rights)
– used to strengthen the idea that the monarch had
limited power
– later helped support the concept that individuals are
entitled to trial by jury
Rise of England
The English Parliament:
• emerged in the 1200s
• during the reign of Edward I
• an important step in developing a representational
government
• composed of two knights from every county, two people
from every town, and all of England’s nobles and bishops
• Later, nobles and church lords formed the House of
Lords, and knights and townspeople formed the House of
Commons
• imposed taxes and passed laws
France and the Capetian Dynasty
France and the Capetian Dynasty
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•
after the death of the last Carolingian king in 987
Hugh Capet became king
founded the Capetian dynasty of French kings
the French monarchy’s power grew under King
Philip II Augustus
• ruled from 1180 to 1223
• took back by force the French territories ruled by
the English
• greatly increased the income and power of the
French monarchy
Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
Otto I:
• tenth century
• powerful Saxon duke became king of the
eastern Frankish kingdom
• was crowned by the Pope, emperor of the
Romans in 962 in exchange for protection
• as leaders of a new Roman Empire, the
German kings tried to rule both German and
Italian lands
Holy Roman Empire
Frederick I:
• considered Italy the center of a “holy empire”
• Coined the name Holy Roman Empire
• attempted to conquer northern Italy
• was opposed by the pope and the northern
cities
• Frederick II wanted to establish a centralized
state in Italy but met with the same resistance
Holy Roman Empire
Formation of German States:
• while the emperors were fighting
• Germany was left in the hands of powerful
German lords
• created many independent states
• kept the German ruler from maintaining a
strong central monarchical state
MEDIEVAL CHURCH
Role of the Church
• Element: Explain the role of the church in
medieval society.
Developed a system of Organization
• Priests headed local
communities called
parishes
• group of
parishes(bishopric/dioces
e) headed by a bishop
• bishop of Rome claimed
he was the leader of the
Roman Catholic Church
• later called popes from
the Latin word papa,
“father”
Developed a body of Doctrine
• Church councils met to
define Church teachings
– Dependability of the
Pope
– Salvation in the Roman
Church only
– Salvation by Works
– Complete Sanctification
– Worshiping of Saints
– Exaltation of the Clergy
Monks
• played an important
role in the Church
• a man who separates
himself from worldly life
• dedicated himself to
God (monasticism)
Benedictine’s
• sixth century
• order of monks founded
by Saint Benedict
• wrote rules for their
practice, The Benedictine
rule
• used by other monastic
groups
• social work in their
communities made them
the new heroes of
Christian civilization
Role
• provided a basis for unity and order
• most powerful entity of the period
• largest land holder of the period
Papal Monarchy
• Element: Describe the political impact of
Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and King
Henry IV of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor).
• Vocabulary: Pope Gregory VII, King Henry IV,
Holy Roman Empire
Papal Monarchy
“There are two powers by which this world is
chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the
priesthood and the authority of kings”
– Pope Gelasius I (AD 500)
Papal State
• control over the
territory in central Italy
• involved the popes in
politics
• often at the expense of
their spiritual duties
Impact of Feudalism on the Church
• Bishops and abbots held offices as grants from
nobles
• were vassals with allegiance to a secular
authority
• obligated to carry out military duties
(Crusades)
Pope Gregory VII
• eleventh century
• claimed that the pope’s authority extended over
all the Christian world (including rulers)
• asserted the Church’s right to appoint clergy and
run its affairs (College of Cardinals)
• in 1075 issued a decree forbidding high-ranking
clerics from receiving their offices from lay
(secular) leaders (lay investiture)
• lessened the power of kings (King Henry IV of
Germany)
Church v. State
Church v. State
• Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV opposed the
reform of Gregory VII
• in 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry and
all the bishops he had appointed
• the princes subsequently meet to elect a new
king
• Henry held a private penance with Gregory VII
• ceded the superiority and equality of imperial
rulers to the church
Pope Innocent III
• thirteenth century
• reached the height of
political power
• believed he was the
supreme judge of
European affairs
• ordered Philip Augustus
to take back his wife
after Philip had sought
an annulment
Effects of Trade
• Element: Describe how increasing trade led to
the growth of towns and cities.
The Revival of Trade
• eleventh and twelfth century
• changed the economic foundation of Europe
from basically agricultural to a mix of
agricultural and commercial
• Italian cities took the lead
Money Economy
• by the end of the twelfth century
• goods were being regularly exchanged
between Flanders and Italy
• the demand for gold and silver coins arose
• money economy will replace the barter
system
Commercial Revolution
• trading companies and banking firms were
established
• managed the exchange and sale of goods
• led to the rise of commercial capitalism
– an economic system in which people invested in
trade and goods to make a profit
Late Middle Ages
• Middle Ages reached a high point in the 1200s
• 1300s and early 1400s
• Europe was challenged by disastrous forces
Bubonic Plague
Description:
• the Black Death
• spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a
deadly bacterium
• millions died of the plague between 1347 and 1351
Bubonic Plague
Consequences:
• trade declined
• a shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise
in the price of labor
• lowered the demand for food, resulted in
falling prices
Great Schism
Background:
• Struggles with the king led a French pope to
take up residence in Avignon in southern
France in 1305
• the pope resided in Avignon until 1377
• pope returned to Rome in 1377
Great Schism
Description:
• after the Pope’s death:
– a group of Italian cardinals elected an Italian pope
– a group of French cardinals elected a French pope
• each line of popes denounced the other
• lasted from 1378 to 1417 and divided Europe
• finally ended in 1417
Great Schism
Effect:
• people’s faith in both
the papacy and the
Church were
undermined
• the Church lost much of
its political and spiritual
authority
Hundred Years’ War
Description:
• between England and
France
• lasted from 1337 to
1453
Hundred Years’ War
Joan of Arc:
• A peasant girl
• helped the French
armies to finally bring
the war to an end
Hundred Years’ War
Effect:
• political instability
• by the fifteenth century, rulers from France,
England, and other European states attempted to
reestablish the centralized power of monarchies
• The monarchies of France, England, and Spain
became known as the new monarchies
• The Holy Roman Empire became a land of
hundreds of independent German states (The
German Confederation)
Effects on the Middle Ages
• the Crusades, bubonic plague, Great Schism,
and the Hundred Years’ War
• led to an end of the manorial system and
feudalism
• growth of cities
• increased trade
• beginning of the Renaissance