Transcript Charlemagne
Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne Pepin of Heristal Charles Martel Pepin the Short and Carloman Charlemagne and Carloman Louis the Pious Lothair and Louis the German and Charles the Bald After the fall of the Roman Empire 500--1500 Disruption of Trade—invasions made trade business collapse, money becomes scarce Downfall of Cities—cities abandoned as centers of administration Population Shifts—lords and commoners leave cities and move to suburbs Germanic invaders could not read and write Use oral history more important Greek learning lost Language changes—mixture of Germanic and Latin languages make it hard to understand different regions—French, Spanish, etc. Church survives Fall of Roman Empire Germanic people loyal to lord who gives them food and land Not loyal to a emperor or king they had never met Leader of the Gauls Converts to Christianity after battle against another Germanic army The Church supports Clovis’ military campaigns 511—Clovis unites Franks into one kingdom Clovis and Church make powerful partnership Rulers helped Church convert Germanic people Missionaries Threat of Muslim invasion on coasts 520—Benedict writes rules for monks and adopted by sister Scholastica 731--Venerable Bede—writes history of England Become Europe’s best educated communities Opened schools, libraries, and copy books Expands Papacy to include secular aspects Raised armies, made peace treaties b/l Italy to England and Spain to Western Germany was part of a spiritual kingdom Spiritual kingdom ruled by the Pope became central theme in Middle Ages Clovis’ decedents Charles Martel (major domo) 719—defeats Muslim army in 732 and becomes Christian hero Pepin the Short (son)—anointed king by pope (“king by the grace of God”) becomes king Fights on behalf of the Church Pepin dies 768 Two sons—Carloman and Charlemagne Carloman dies 771 Charlemagne takes over 6 foot 4 inches imposing Reunited western Europe for first time since Roman Empire Appointed “Roman Emperor” by Pope Leo III because Charlemagne put down a mob Roman Emperor—joining of Germanic powers, the Church and heritage of Roman Empire Limited authority of nobles Sent royal agents to help govern empire Made sure landowners ruled fairly Traveled around his empire Encouraged learning Created a palace school Ordered monasteries to open schools to train monks Louis the Pious (Charlemagne's son)—religious, better monk than king Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German—fight for control, civil war ends 843 Treaty of Verdun—divides the kingdom among the three rulers Clovis Benedict Gregory I Charles Martel Charlemagne Clovis—converted himself and army Benedict—wrote rules for monasteries Gregory I—expanded Papal powers combined Church and Government authority Charles Martel—defeated Muslim army Charlemagne—conquered land and anointed Roman Emperor Feudalism in Europe From Scandinavia Fearless and Mean Great sailors Probably the first to discover North America (Leif Eriksson) From south Disrupted trade Plundered towns and villages along the coast From East (Hungary) Great Horsemen Attacked not for control, only to capture people for slavery Widespread disorder Europeans in constant danger Central Authority powerless People looked to local rulers with armies for protection ENTRENCHES FEUDALISM Viking leader (Rollo) and King of France (Charles the Simple) French gave Vikings land in France (Normandy) Viking pledge loyalty to French Based on control of land and mutual obligations Those who fought—nobles and knights Those who prayed—men and women of the church Those who worked—peasants (largest class and mostly serfs These classes were usually inherited Lord’s Duties Housing Farmland protection Serf’s Duties Tend land Care for animals Maintain estate Owed few days labor and portion of grain Only place peasants knew Fields Streams forests Manor house Church Workshops Raised all food needed Made tools Leather goods Wood Paid tax on grain ground at Lord’s mill (only place they could grind it) Paid tax on marriage (only be married with lord’s consent) Paid tithe to village priest (10% of peasant’s income) Brought pigs in the house to warm the house The Age of Chivalry Idea taken from Muslims Saddles Developed in Asian Steppes Stirrups developed in India Ability to stay on horse and stand up to maneuver weapons Given land in return for fighting for lord Knight could afford expensive weapons Obligated to about 40 days of service to lord Spent rest of time training and hunting Complex set of ideals Had to fight in defense of three masters Earthly feudal lord Heavenly Lord His chosen lady Young knights practiced in tournaments Winners demanded large ransoms from defeated knights Castles guarded palaces and important buildings Awesome battles Boiling water, lead and oil used Crossbows The Song of Roland—about Charlemagne’s battle a/g Muslims Troubadours—poet-musicians at castles (love songs) Eleanor of Aquitaine—later becomes queen of England—troubadours all come to see her Church’s view—women inferior to men Women could not receive land but could inherit from husband Fought to defend her castle while husband off fighting The Church Wields Power Recognized 300 years before Charlemagne there would be conflict between Pope and King Solution: King allow Pope to rule in religious matters and Pope allow King to rule in political matters Pope Bishops Priests In a time of war and trouble, Church was the calming force Sense of security All people follow same path…nobles and peasants alike Excommunication Interdict Banishment from Sacraments could not church Ruler denied salvation Released vassals from their duty be preformed in the king’s lands His people would suffer German ruler Charlemagne was his hero Fought on Pope’s behalf and gained support from the Church Over Lay Investiture Henry IV sent a nasty letter to Pope Gregory VII Gregory excommunicated Henry IV Henry traveled to Canossa to beg for forgiveness Gregory made him wait but finally lifted his excommunication Meant to end conflict over Lay Investiture Compromise: only pope can appoint and grant bishops position but emperor could veto the selection 1152 Frederick elected Called “Barbarosa” (red beard) Forceful personality and military skills Angered the pope because of brutal tactics against Italian merchants Enemies formed the Lombard League to oppose Frederick Lombard League defeated Fredericks knights 1177 Frederick made peace with pope but defeat had undermined his authority with German princes who elected him 1190 Frederick drowns Empire breaks down into many feudal states Never unite Election of king not as effective as those who take power…explain Opens the door for French and English rulers to assert power Magna Carta, 1215 King John I Runnymeade “Great Charter” monarchs were not above the law. kings had to consult a council of advisors. kings could not tax arbitrarily.