Transcript Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms

I. Fall of Roman Empire leads to Middle Ages
A. Europe weak
1,000 CE
1,300 CE
B. Small kingdoms
High Middle
develop
Early
500 CE
Late
Middle Ages
1,500 CE
II. Invasion of Western Europe
A. Germanic invaders attack Western Roman
Empire
1. people sought protection from men with $$
and power = lords
2. had to surrender land and persons to lord
3. created the European feudal system
B. Impact of warfare:
1. Disrupted trade
a. invasions on land and sea
b. businesses failed
c. money scarce
2. Downfall of cities
a. cities no longer center of Roman administration
3. Population shifts – ppl move to rural areas
4. Decline of learning
a. Germanic invaders illiterate
5. Loss of common language - no Latin
a. By 800s, French, Spanish & other Roman
based languages developed
III. Germanic kingdoms
A. Replaced Roman provinces
B. Political chaos
C. Family ties & loyalty more important than public
government and written laws, as in Rome
D. Unwritten rules & tradition
1. Men dominate position
2. Women owned and inherited fiefs (land)
a. managed manors… responsibility = power
E. Chiefs had loyal warriors – loyalty = highest virtue
Barbarian Kingdoms
IV. Germans adopt Christianity
A. Politics spread Christianity
1. Rulers adopted Christianity
B. Missionaries spread Christianity
C. Monasteries - for rural areas
1. Monks, nuns
2. Educated, schools, libraries, copy books
3. Illustated manuscripts
D. Pope Gregory I “Gregory the Great”
1. the papacy became more secular – involved in
politics
2. used Church $$ to repair roads, raise armies, and
help poor
3. negotiated peace treaties
V. Carolingian Dynasty
A. Rulers of the Frankish empire
1. Charles Martel “the Hammer” (714-741 CE) =
Christian hero due to defeating Muslims
2. Pepin III, “the Short”, crowned by Pope Zacharias &
began Carolingian Dynasty 751
3. Charlemagne = Son of Pepin the Short became ruler
in 768
B. Martel defeated Muslims at Battle of
Tours in 732
1. significance = stopped the spread of
Islam into Western Europe
Martel
VI. Importance of Charlemagne
A. Extended empire = larger than
Byzantine Empire
1. Great Warrior
2. Conquered Muslims
B. Spread Christianity
1. Became Holy Roman Emperor in
800 crowned by Pope Leo III
2. Christian king ruling Christian kingdom
a. Swears allegiance to Church
b. established schools to teach future monks, nuns
The Crowning of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III
Charlemagne expanding & uniting empire
Charlemagne’s United Empire
C. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) United Germanic
people
1. harsh ruler
2. strong personality; required oaths of faith and loyalty
3. limited power of nobles
a. sent royal agents to make sure “counts” were being
just to their counties
b. “counts” solved local problems, stopped feuds,
protected weak and raised armies – loyal to
Charlemagne NOT kingdom
D. Year before his death – crowned son Louis Pious king
1. not a soldier, very religious, no respect from aristocracy
E. Empire divided between three sons of Louis Pious
1. Lothair = Middle Kingdom
2. Charles the Bald = Western Kingdom
3. Louis the German = Eastern Kingdom
F. Lack of strong ruler led to feudalism
Division of Charlemagne’s Empire
Chapter 13.2:
Feudalism
SOCIAL &
Governmental
ORDER
Under feudalism, the roles of people were determined by
their places in society. How does this compare with the
Hindu caste system?
I. Invaders
A. Attacks on Carolingian Empire
1. Viking invasions from north
a. pirates, pagans
b. plundered, raped,
murdered
2. Muslims & Magyars
invasions from east and
south
a. Magyars = bandits;
did not colonize- took
slaves to eastern
markets; wanted booty
and plunder
b. Muslims stopped in 732
B. Attacks accelerated the development of feudalism
1. communities isolated; every man, woman, child put
under sword
2. trade declined
3. economic system in decline
II. Feudalism = Social Order & Governmental Structure
A. Structured society
1. Power based on rights and obligations
2. In exchange for military protection, lords
granted land (a fief)
3. Lord=landowner
4. Vassal = person who received land &
performed services for lord
III. The feudal pyramid
A. Well defined classes
1. Top – king
2. Next = Nobles –
powerful vassalswealthy landowners and bishops
3. Knights were soldiers who pledged to
defend lord’s land in exchange for fief
4. at the bottom were peasants and serfs
IV. Status of the peasant
A. Inherited social classdetermined by God
1. Not allowed to leave place
born
2. Bound to land
3. Not slaves - not bought or
sold
B. Paid high taxes = grain,
goods produced, bread,
marriage tax, tithe - church
tax
1. must have permission to
marry
V. Daily life
A. infant mortality high
B. starvation reality
C. Beer = universal drink
1. man in field might drink 3
gallons or more during
10-12 hour day
D. People rarely left village – 25
mile radius only
E. upper class women sent
infants to be nursed
F. Noble boys – age 7- placed in homes to be trained for
knighthood
G. Girls (age 10-13) – parents to decide whether to
become nuns or marry
H. Marriage
1. economic
2. no divorce
3. if not married in Church then private vows
I. Recreation
1. based on war and
violence
2. tournaments for
aristocracy
3. archery, wrestling for
peasants
4. hangings and
mutilations of
criminals exciting and
well attended
VI. Health and Medical care
A. People did not understand causes of illness
1. elf-shot, wormlike creatures in body, or number 9
2. treatment = charms, amulets, potions, priestly
incantations
B. People ate poorly, bathed infrequently (once a year
or so)
1. many prescriptions for lice, fleas, and filth
2. physicians (male and female) charged fee – few
could afford-illness ran course
3. Death came early – 40 = old
VII. Manor - the manorial system = economic
arrangement to support feudal system
A. Lords estate
1. Lord’s manor house, church, workshop
2. woods, fields, pastures, ponds, streams
3. self-sufficient
B. Basic economic arrangement
1. Lords provided housing & protection to
serfs
2. Serfs worked land, animals
a. Illness, malnutrition, and short life
common
Chapter 13.4:
The Power of the Church
I. Church became powerful – dominated all aspects
of life
A. Europe - weak central power
B. Church - powerful institution
1. resembled civil administration of Roman Empire
a. collected taxes
b. established courts and laws
c. dispatched ambassadors to Europe
C. Church gave sense of security and answered questions
in uncertain times
D. People depended on Church to provide services king
not able to provide; caring for poor and sick
E. Accumulated great wealth through gifts of land
II. Church Authority
A. political and spiritual power – Pope became more
important than kings
1. Canon Law = church law
2. harsh punishment = excommunication and interdict
a. person excluded from communion
b. papal order closing churches in particular country
B. Around 1000s Conflict between kings and pope
increased with growing power of kings
C. Participation in religious rituals public and social duty
1. Village church = center of manorial life
a. some were also schools
b. gave help to poor
2. peasants worried about Hell
a. sacraments only way to avoid Hell
III. Structure of Church
A. Bishop of Rome = Pope
B. Advisors to Pope =
Cardinals
C. Chief Officials = Bishops,
responsible for Christians in
an area
1. supervise priests
2. settle disputes
D. Priests in local churches
1. main contact between
Church and people
IV. Church as unifying force
A. Bonded people
B. Provided security
C. Center of all lives – dominated every aspect of
life
D. Sacrament - religious ceremonies for
salvation w/o cannot go to heaven
1. Baptism, penance, Eucharist,
confirmation, matrimony, anointing of
the sick, holy orders
V. Accomplishments of Church
A. Preservation of learning inherited from Greek
& Romans
B. Established libraries in monasteries and
convents
C. Books copied by hand (printing press not yet
invented in Europe!)
D. First schools were Church schools
E. Many Bishops and clergy entered
government, military, or became diplomats
and advisors to kings, why?
They were educated!
VI. The Holy Roman Empire
A. King Otto I crowned in 936 as
king of Germany
1. Alliance w/ church
2. Dominated church Germany
3. Crowned emperor in 962 by
pope
B. Strongest state in Europe until
1100
C. Conflict with Church over lay investiture
1. Kings have power over clergy
2. Lay investiture - kings appoint clergy
D. 1075 - Pope Gregory VII –
banned lay investiture
1. Henry IV - emperor of
Germany-ordered Pope
Gregory to step down
2. Gregory excommunicated
Henry IV for defying him
a. bishops and princes then
sided with the pope
VII. Showdown at Canossa
A. 1077 – Henry IV begged Pope Gregory VII to
end excommunication
1. Gregory granted forgiveness and ended
excommunication
2. issue of lay investiture still a problem
VIII. Concordat of Worms (city in Germany) to
resolve conflict between Holy Roman Emperor
and Pope
A. Compromise over lay
investiture reached in
1122
1. Only clergy to appoint
bishops
2. Emperor could be
present and veto
B. Papal power in Germany
was enhanced
IX. Frederick I (Barbarossa) first ruler to call his
lands Holy Roman Empire
A. Was not able to keep order
B. Empire weakened and had continued
conflicts with Popes