Transcript cp 7_8 in Church History (1)

Chapter 7: The Challenge of
Christendom:Church and
Empire in Tension
Pages 125-145
5 major concepts: #1
Two English Sources of Light:
Benedictine monks Boniface and Bede
Boniface>conversions
Boniface>crowning a king foreshadows
church/state entanglements.
Bede> stays in one monastery> study,
teaching, writing.
Church and State entangled:#2
Papal States!> must be protected!
Pushes church into political and worldly
affairs
Charlemagne> crowned by a pope!
>Holy Roman Emperor> Helps but also
controls the church
A Feudal Way of Life: #3
Ineffective leaders and the death of
Charlemagne leaves a splintered
empire,
A new way of life! > Feudalism, a
political system based on land
ownership. Order, protection.
Monasteries had vast land holdings.
Other Peoples Turn Christian
Vikings have invaded and now settle in
Europe. Intermarriages, treaties,
missionaries lead to conversions among
the Vikings
Brothers and missionaries in the East:
Cyril and Methodius.
#5 Royal Pains for the Church:
Civil interference in church affairs and
corruption among church officials.
Lay leaders appointing Church leaders!
Buying and Selling of Church positions!
German emperors control the Papacy!
Hope comes from the monks at Cluny!
The High Middle Ages.Chapter 8
1000-1300
The age of
Christendom.
The Catholic
Church and
European
Society were
One…
Chapter 8: the High Middle Ages:
5 concepts:
# 1 A New World in the Making.
#2 Church Institutions Flourish.
#3 A Church Divided, Zeal Misguided
#4 Heresy and Inquisition.
#5 Mendicant Friars.
#1 A New World in the Making
The rise of cities!
More food produced by methods
developed by monasteries.
More food> more people> towns grow.
Cathedrals draw more people to towns
England, France power in kings.
Trade and Crafts
 With the surplus of people, towns spring up.
 Population centers=jobs
 Skilled workers came to live and labor where
there was a market for their talents
 Craft workers form guilds:
 Learn your trade, fair prices, chief employer
was the Church
Nations and Kings
Kings grow more powerful,centralize
power
England and France begin to emerge as
nations> large territory having
independent status and government<
From regional chief to powerful national
leader.
#2 Church Institutions Flourish
Strong papacy
 Forbids lay investiture
Excommunicates an emperor
Establishes the college of cardinals
Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals
Rise of universities
A reforming Papacy and Clergy
 Problem/Lay Investiture= a high ranking lay
person ( monarch, count, lord) appoints
bishops or abbots and “investing” them with
power and requiring their loyalty.
 Pope Gregory VII wants to free the church
from such control.
Pope Gregory VII
 Confronts Emperor Henry IV over the question
of Lay Investiture
 Gregory issues the “Dictatus Papae”
( Dictates of the Pope)
>Only Popes may depose bishops
>No one an judge the pope and
>The pope may depose emperors and release
vassal from their loyalty to a sinful emperor.
Tension
 Henry IV objected to the Dictates and
demanded Gregory give up the Papacy.
 Gregory excommunicates Henry AND
declared that Henry’s subjects did not need
obey him any longer
( a political danger for Henry..his own nobles will
fight for the throne)
>>>>>Henry Repents(very dramatically)
Finally…….
In 1122
Concordat of Worms…The emperor
agreed that rulers would no longer have
the right to appoint bishops;all bishops
would be elected and consecrated by
church authority
Who elects the Pope???
At one time ruling Roman families,
Pope Nicholas II creates the college of
cardinals to elect the pope (1059)
Reform for Priests
 Pope Innocent III
“the greatest pope of the Middle Ages
Fourth Lateran Council.1215
No more simony ( buying and selling church
positions to highest bidder)
Papal permission needed for new saints, relics
or religious orders
Set number of sacraments at 7
Reform for Priests
Warned priests not to reveal sins
confessed
Declared officially the belief in
transubstantiation.
Priests were to be trained in the
cathedral schools
#3 A Church Divided, Zeal
Misguided
1054 official split between the Eastern
and Western churches.
The crusades are launched by Pope
Urban II> hope to regain the Holy Land
from the Saracen Muslims> 1096
Crusades degenerate into military and
moral failure.
#4 Heresy and Inquisition
 Albigensian heresy> all material things are
evil> arises out of church materialism and
corruption
 Heresy seen as religious error and political
treason.
 Inquisition>”inquiry”. Civil trial until 1150>
Guilty handed over to civil authorities for
punishment.
 Papal Inquisition>1232> run from Rome,
systematic
#5 Mendicant Friars
Mendicant > “begging” orders renewed
the Gospel spirit of poverty and
simplicity within the church.
Dominic de Guzman founder of the
Order of Preachers>Dominicans>
scholars,teachers
St. Dominic
 Dominic de Guzman
Pope Honorius III
Wrote:
“Let those invincible
Athletes of Christ, armed
With the shield of faith
And the helmet of
Salvation,continue
ever,in season
and out of season, despite all
hindrances and every
tribulation to preach the
divine word.”
St. Francis
 1182-1226
 Wealthy
 At 20 renounces
all worldly goods
 Wanders, preaches
 Cares for the poor.
 Loved nature and saw
the creator in creation.
St. Francis
 He called
His followers
“Friars Minor”
St. Clare,
Followed in his
footsteps.
“Poor Clares”
Mt 10: 7-10
 And as you go, proclaim that the kingdom of
God is close at hand. Cure the sick, raise the
dead, cleanse the lepers, cast out devils. You
received without charge, give without charge.
Provide yourselves with no gold or silver, not
even with a few coppers for your purses, with
no haversack for the journey or spare tunic or
footwear or staff, for the workman deserves
his keep
St. Francis
 Having read
MT 10:7-10
 Do you admire
Francis’s devotion to
absolute poverty
Why or why not?
 Is it practical today?
Explain
 What can we learn from
Francis?
Rise of the Medieval Papacy
2 reasons for Christianity’s influence on
the Middle Ages.
Strong papacy that provided leadership
A sense of unity in the area we call
Europe.
Map
 Where’s
The H.R.E.?
 Where are the
Papal states?
 Where is Rome?
 Where is
Constantinople?
The Political scene
 Charlemagne crowned by Leo III at Christmas
mass in the year 800.
 Hope was born that Charlemagne would unite
the Western part of the old empire and work
closely with the church.
 Notice: It was the Church in the person of
Pope Leo III who gave the power to rule the
State, in the person of Charlemagne
A Brighter Day?
 Christianity had arrived and a New empire
was established where the
old one once stood.
 From Roman Empire to
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
And Charlemagne,a Christian,
is the emperor.
Conversion by the sword
In one day Charlemagne
put to death 4,500 Saxons
who resisted being baptized.
Forced conversions were
Used to unify empires
The Saxon conversion
After defeat the
remaining warriors
were baptized.
Missionaries were
Later sent to explain
The faith
Pluses and Minuses +,-,+,-,+,Charlemagne emphasized education
Appoints priests, monks,bishops to
positions in government
The best teachers came to his palace
school
Encouraged Benedictine monasteries
+ and -’s
Charlem. Directs the church’s activities,
appointing bishops, sending them
around the empire.
Promotes Latin liturgy as in Rome
Latin = language of educated people
Will unify liturgical practice.
Ashes to ashes,dust to dust
Charlemagne’s empire is not long lived.
After his death the empire is divided
among his grandsons.
Centuries later these territories become
known as France and Germany.
Darkness descends
 There were new barbarian invasions
 Vikings raided England
 The Moslems renewed their attacks, even
making a successful raid on Rome.
 Out of this chaos developed a new political
system, FEUDALISM
The Church and Feudalism
 The church was closely
tied with Feudalism
because of the lands it
owned.
 Bishops became more
involved in the daily
running of the land
 This made them more
like secular rulers rather
than spiritual leaders.
Power and Problems in the
Papacy
 Lay Investiture:
Secular leaders
appoint church
leaders.
 Simony: The selling
of Church positions
to the highest
bidder.