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Unit 3 Review
African Kingdoms were LARGE
during the Middle Ages
Islam spread through Trade
Islamic Achievements
• Through the Crusades and Trade spread
to Europe
Ghana: Built on Trans-Saharan
Trade
• Gold mined in the forests south of the
Sahara is traded to the north for salt.
• Ghana provided Berber Tradesmen
protection
• Ghana rulers Convert to Islam, c. 1000
AD
Mali
• Mansa Musa: Mali ruler, inspired by his
hajj to Mecca & builds great mosques &
libraries in Timbuktu and Gao
• Timbuktu library, with over 100,000
manuscripts
Ibn Battuta: Muslim scholar
• Traveled the Muslim world from Timbuktu
to Turkey, Central Asia, China and India
and wrote down everything he saw.
• like Marco Polo; primary source
• 1352 visits Mali. He admired their
devotion to Islam, he also admired the
safety of the empire
Songhai
• Like Ghana and Mali, the Songhai grow
strong from the gold
for salt trade
Berbers
• Nomads who lived in North Africa, Sahara
Desert traders, converted to Islam through
trade
Benin
• Benin known for their Art: Bronze
sculpture
• established an extensive slave trade with
Europeans (the Portuguese and Dutch) in
the 15th century.
The Umayyad Dynasty
• Spread Islam across N. Africa into Spain
starting in c. 630 AD,
Islam in Spain: Al Andalus
Kingdom
• Religious tolerance in Muslim Spain
encouraged the growth of a rich and
diverse culture
Medieval Europe (500-1400)
• Began with the Fall of Roman Empire:
large empire left a power vacuum and
instead many small kingdoms or Fiefs
existed
Charlemagne 742-814
• Frankish Empire: France; Charlemagne
creates a vast kingdom; conquers Saxons
& forces them to convert to Christianity; is
crowned the Holy Roman Emperor by the
Pope as a reward.
Manorialism or Feudalism:
• Wealth based on land ownership
(the Manor)
• agriculture;
• self-sufficiency;
• decentralized political system
Medieval Cultural component:
Religion
• Influenced by the Roman Catholic Church;
• Church had considerable political power
during this time;
• The Church provided a sense of stability,
unity, and order.
Medieval Cultural component:
Class structure
• Feudal System:
• A class structure in
which landowners
held the power
• Supported by the
labor of the peasants
(serfs);
• The serfs had little or
no political power
Medieval: Value System
• Knights: chivalry, guide the behavior of a
warrior class; oath to ruler;
Economic systems
• Economic Systems
defined by:
1. What is made
2. How it is made
3. Who gets it
• Manoralism
1. Agriculture/Self
sufficiency
2. Serfs
3. 1/3 1/3 1/3 Nobles,
Church, serfs
• Capitalism
1. goods people demand
2. for profit/ lowest cost
3. Consumer willing to
pay for it (i.e. Supply &
Demand)
Government System: Feudal
• Created Social
Stability, structure for
society;
• The caste system in
India was similar;
• The system in
Tokogawa Shogunate
was similar
Crusades (1096–1291)
• Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus, Pope
Urban II
• “Join the Crusades: Christian warriors, He who
gave His life for you, These are combats worthy
of you, defenders of the Cross, and conquer a
Kingdom which has no end; Desire to be
released from feudal obligations, Defense of the
Holy Land Forgiveness of sins,
• Goal: to capture the Holy Land from Islamic
rulers
Crusades Unexpected Results
• Europeans went to the Holy Lands and
were exposed to Eastern (Chinese) goods
• They brought these goods home after the
Crusade and this increased demand for
these goods
• They also brought back new ideas an
created a new interest in learning
• Created the Commercial Revolution and
the development of a Middle Class
Long-term result of Crusades
• Desire for wealth from the Middle East;
increase in trade between the Middle East
and Europe;
• Cultural exchanges between the Middle
East and Europe grew.
• Many achievements of Islamic civilization
reached European society by way of the
Crusades and eastern Mediterranean
trading networks;
Famous Crusaders
• Urban II, Alexius, Byzantine Emperor
Peter the Hermit & the People’s Crusade;
Eleanor of Aquitaine & Louis VII, Saladin,
Richard Lionhearted, Children’s Crusade
Commercial Revolution
• Trading centers most often developed
along waterways;
• The cities of Venice, Constantinople, and
Canton were world trade centers, because
their locations were favorable for trade;
Capitalism!
• Capitalism; developed as a result of the
trade routes.
• Capitalism; ownership of wealth is in
private hands (not government); money
economy
rise of capitalism:
• joint stock companies: companies are
owned by many
• Shareholders: people who own parts
(shares) of a company.
• Entrepreneurs: people who start new
companies
• Bourgeoisie: Middle Class, owners of
businesses
Hanseatic League
• A vast network of trade routes connected
the centers of trade in Northern Europe.
• Reason for the success: centers on
waterways;
• Developed trade with other regions;
Magna Carta: 1215
• limited the power of English monarchs
(King John, he was an evil tyrant)
• Presented to him by force
• List of feudal rights
that limited the power
of the English monarchy;
Marco Polo: 1st European to go to
China & come back to report on it
• Trade increased between China and
Europe.
• Produced written records about China
(Primary Sources) of his extensive travels.
Plague 1346-1349 Killed ½ of
Europe
• How transmitted; Human Movement:
Mongols, merchants, and other travelers
carried disease along trade routes west of
China.
Plague
• Economic effects; massive labor
shortages, recession
• Social effects; breakdown of social order
during the bubonic plague
• Religious effects; Church lost power:
Priests died at higher rate, new Priests
were not qualified; loss of credibility.
• Science/Medical: new ideas welcomed
Not an equal opportunity disease
• Area of Europe most affected by the Black
Death: coastlands, Mediterranean Cities
(esp. in Italy)
• Area of Europe least affected by the Black
Death: Eastern Europe;
100 Years War 1336-1453
• England vs France
• New Weapon technology: Long Bows &
Cannons (gun powder)
• New Weapons transformed warfare (serfs
could kill Knights) led to the breakdown of
the Feudal system
Joan of Arc
• 14 year old French girl heard voices to
help French defeat English. Helped
develop French nationalism; Burned at the
stake by English
Mongolian Empire 1211- c. 1400
• Nomadic ‘barbarians lived north of China
on the harsh plains. low population density
• Great Wall was to protect the Chinese
from them.
Genghis Khan
• Started the Mongolian Empire & within 50
years it was the largest empire in history
Kublai Khan: Mongolian Emperor
• In 1279, was the first foreigner to gain
complete control of China.
• Welcomed Marco Polo
Pax Mongolica: Mongolian Peace
• Silk Road safe for trade and travel.
• Developed a tribute system
• Unable to take Japan: its fleets were
destroyed by storms.
• Like the ancient Greeks, protected the
human rights of the peoples they
controlled
Japan: Tokogawa Shogunate
• Samurai: Warriors for landowners; like
Knights in Europe
Japan: Tokogawa Shogunate:
• Bushido: a Japanese warrior’s guide of
behavior. Japanese samurai warriors
pledged oaths of loyalty to their military
leader
• Feudalism influenced
Japan by providing
social stability;
• Feudal system; a
decentralized political
system
• Influenced by
Confucius
Japan:
• Irregular coastline, has many natural
harbors; close to Korea & China:
• Chinese and Korean most influenced the
development of early Japan
Japan: mountainous
• Japanese farmers built terraces into the
mountainsides;
Shintoism
• belief that spirits reside in natural objects
and forms?
• Shintoism like animism
• a nature-based belief
Edict of 1635
• Ordered the Closing of Japan to foreigners
• The Japanese policy of isolationism
{Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to
leave for foreign countries.
No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If
there is anyone who attempts to do so
secretly, he must be executed.}
Shinto Religion Influences art
A major theme in Japanese art is the
relationship between humans and nature.
Art reflects the values of a society
•
•
•
•
Carefully drawn calligraphy,
Zen gardens,
The tea ceremony
These Reflect Shintoism belief that
everything in nature has a spirit and
should be respected
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFqIAxRmPFw
Renaissance: Humanism
• Cultural achievements; rebirth of art, technology.
Learning was a central theme; great intellectual
and artistic creativity
• The revival of Greek and Roman culture;
emphasis on the human form;
• Humanism; People should study worldly
subjects as well as sacred matters;
• Like the writers of ancient Greece, Renaissance
writers stressed the power of human reason;
Why Renaissance Began in Italy
• The economic growth of Italian city-states
in the 1400s; Italian city-states had grown
wealthy from trade between Europe and
Asia;
• Access to important trade routes;
geographic location;
• Italian city-states were wealthy centers of
trade and manufacturing
1st The Printing Press
• Gutenberg’s printing press created the
long-term effect of increasing literacy;
• It encouraged the spread of ideas;
Renaissance Figures
• Leonardo Da Vinci 1452 –1519: used
movement and perspective in his work.
Captured complexities of human nature
Machiavelli 1469 – 1527 The Prince
• Advised rulers on how to gain and maintain
power: Leaders may use any method to achieve
what is best for the state; a wise ruler is one who
does what is necessary to stay in power; “the
end justifies the means”: employ absolute power
to maintain order in the areas under their rule;
• Mercator 1512 –1594 projection were technological
advances
Galileo 1564 –1642
• Galileo's observations supported Copernicus' theory that Earth and
all other planets revolve around the Sun: the heliocentric theory
• The Catholic Church believed that the Earth was the center of the
universe: geocentric, or Earth-centered, Universe.
• He was called to Rome to answer charges brought against him by
the Inquisition (the legal body of the Catholic Church).
• Galileo feared that the Church might excommunicate him; he told
them he was wrong!
• But he was found guilty of heresy and sentenced to life
imprisonment in 1633.
• His telescope contributed to the exploration and overseas expansion
of the 1400’s and 1500’s
Reformation:
• the medieval church in western Europe
was criticized for being too concerned with
worldly power and riches; Sale of
indulgences authorized by Pope Leo X to
raise money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in
Rome (1515) ,
• innovation had the greatest impact on the
Protestant Reformation? movable-type
printing press;
Reformation leaders:
• Martin Luther 1483 –1546 : Luther posted the Ninety-Five
Theses 1517 (considered by many to be a turning point
in history because the power of the Roman Catholic
Church was lessened and royal power grew) ; stresses
the central role of faith; Hearing held at Worms,
Germany (1521) to recant his ideas: he refuses; “The
Pope is no judge of matters pertaining to God’s word and
faith; the true Christian must examine and judge for
himself.”
• John Calvin 1509-1564 : Calvin preached the theory of
predestination
• Henry VIII 1491 –1547 : signed the Act of Supremacy.
Effects of the Protestant
Reformation
• led to an end to Christian unity;
• decline in the power of the Roman
Catholic Church and strengthened the
power of monarchies
Christian Churches
• The doctrines of the Roman Catholic,
Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant
churches are all based on the principles of
Christianity;
Counter Reformation
• Major goal: to reinstate the power of the
Roman Catholic Church
• The Council of Trent clarifies the teachings
of the Roman Catholic Church.
• In Spain, an effect of the Inquisition during
the 16th century was to prevent the
introduction of Protestant religions;