Transcript Middle Ages Europe 500-1300

Middle Ages Europe
500-1300
From Rome to the Middle Ages
Dark
Ages-
5001000
Decline of Trade, Industry, and
Towns
• Fear of bandits reduced shipping distances
• Roads deteriorated
• Industry shut down
– lack of markets
• Move to countryside
– Europe becomes rural
• Money replaced by barter
Decline of Learning and Culture
• Roman schools, libraries, museums
destroyed
• Arts and science neglected
• Illiteracy except
– monks and nuns
• Survival
Decline of Strong Central Government
• Weak Germanic Kingdoms controlled
government but failed to
– provide protection
– insure justice
– maintain order
• Changes in citizenship
– Family ties not to king who was a
stranger
Images of the West
Muslim Viewpoint
• Backwards
• Stupid
• Brutish
Reality
• Newer civilization
• Economy less
advanced
• Manners less
polished
Frankish Kingdom
• Clovis
• Clotilda
• “Do nothing” kings
– Mayor of the Palace
King and Pope
Pope Gregory the Great , 590
– Papacy political and spiritual power
– Churchly kingdom—ruled by pope
• Central theme in Middle Ages
Charles Martel
– Battle of Tours-732
• Pepin the Short-741
– Roman Catholic Church
Carolingian Dynasty
Charlemagne [Charles the Great]
• Leadership
– Warfare
» Aix la Chapelle
» Conversion by the Sword
» Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne
Capital-Aachen,
Germany [Aix la
Chapelle]
Papal States
Leadership Continued
• Government
– counties/counts
– missi dominici
• Education
– schools
– Latin manuscripts
– Palace School
• Death, Succession
– Son Louis the Pious weak ruler
– Treaty of Verdun divides kingdom
• Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and Lothair
Treaty of
Verdun
843
Vikings, Magyars, Islamic Invaders
Vikings Invade
The Vikings
1. Scandinavian
Pagans
2. Raided European settlements-800-1000
Ireland to Russia
3. Traders, farmers, and explorers
4. Settled Iceland;
5. Explored Greenland (Eric the Red) and Newfoundland
(Leif Ericson)
6. Kingdoms in Ireland and much of England – stopped by
Alfred the Great in 886
7. Last great raiders of Western Europe
8. Settled in French Normandy (Northmen or
Norsemen = Normans)
9. Adopted Christianity
10. Decline after AD 1000
FeudalismPolitical System
The Monarch
Lords provide Knights to protect Kingdom
Nobles
Knights promise to fight for the Lord
Knights
Serfs
Feudalism--based on Loyalty and
Military service
Manorialism
Economic System
Serfs at Work
High Middle Ages 1000-1300
Religious Orders
Benedictine rule
1. Benedict
2. Monasteries
3. Poverty, chastity, obedience
4. Monasteries operated schools,
maintained libraries, and copied
books (manuscripts)
A Monk’s Day
Influence of Monasteries
Sent out missionaries,
• By mid-1000’s most western Europeans were
Roman Catholic.
• Preserved ancient religious works and manuscripts.
• Provided :
- Hospitals
- Food for the needy
- Guest houses
- Schools
The Church and King
Pope Gregory VII
Lay Investiture
• Practice of lay ( non-clergy like a King or
noble) official investing (bestowing) a
Church title on someone
• Kings would choose Bishops instead of the
Church
Problems Between Pope and Emperor
 1075- Pope Gregory VII
-bans lay investiture
 Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
refuses to stop the practice
 Henry with help of Bishops he
appointed orders Pope to step down
 Pope excommunicates Henry
Penance at Canossa : Henry IV, his wife and son, outside the
Pope’s Castle for 3 days.
Concordat of Worms
1122
Church and Emperor reach a compromise over lay
investiture.
- Emperor may nominate Bishops and grant
land but Church alone could appoint Bishop
- Pope could reject unworthy candidates
- Emperor could veto Pope’s choice
The Church Hierarchy
Pope
The Papacy
Upper clergy
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests, Monks, Nuns -- the lower clergy
The Church taught that:
• All people were sinners and dependent on
God’s grace.
• To get grace one had to take part in
sacraments.
Power of the Church
Church helped govern western Europe.
1. Own courts and laws Canon Law
2. Disobedience to church laws had severe
penalties.
Church received money and land from nobles
to ensure salvation.
Power of the Church
Nobles influenced church policies by having
relatives appointed to church positions.
Many church officials were nobles who
received land from kings in return for military
service.
- knights would fight in their place if called
upon
Gothic Architecture
Heresy
Denying the basic church teachings.
- Excommunication=eternal damnation
Middle Ages Trade and
Growth of Towns
Crusades Spark Trade
Walled City
1000-1300
Agriculture
• Need for increased food
supply
• Warmer climate
– More land cultivated
• New farm methods
• Horse Collar
• Horseshoe
• Three Field System
• Increased population
Trade
• Merchant Guilds
– Controlled production and prices
– Provided security in trade
• Craft Guilds
– Husbands and wives worked together
– Cloth making had more female workers
– Quality control
– Training guidelines
• Local and long distance trade-mostly in towns
– Trade Fairs
Finance
Commercial Revolution
• Need for large amounts of cash or credit and ways
to exchange different currencies
– Bills of Exchange
– Letters of Credit
• New Markets
– Usury and the Church
Commercial Revolution
Increased Trade
More workers
needed
More cash,
banking, &
lending services
available
Merchant’s wealth
and power
expand
Serfs move to town
Workers paid for
labor
More money
available for
building businesses
Merchant’s taxes
Increase the king’s
power and wealth
Growth of Towns
•
•
•
•
Increased population
Relatively small populations
Located at crossroads and waterways
Narrow streets
– Dirty
– Lack of fresh air, light, clean water
• Houses built of wood with thatched roofs
• Serfs flee to towns to seek freedom
• Rising merchant class
Early
Middle Ages Europe
Kings
Lords
Bishops
Lower lords
Crusades
Black
Death
Kings
Lords
Bishops
GUILDS
(university)
journeyman
2nd
Agricultural Lower lords
Revolution
Peasants Parish priests
Serfs
High
New
Economy
apprentice
laborers
Peasants
Parish priests
Townsmen
The Culprits
1347: Plague Reaches
Constantinople!
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemia Form:
almost 100%
mortality rate.
From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411
Lancing a Buboe
Medieval Art & the Plague
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:
Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pogroms against the Jews
Required “Jewish” hat
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
Britain in the Middle Ages
Alfred the Great
871-899
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
• Unification of English Kingdom
William the Conqueror
• Rivalry for throne vs.
Harold of Essex
• Pope sides with William of
Normandy
• Battle of Hastings-1066
• Feudalism
• Domesday Book
• Link with Europe and
Scandinavia
Bayeaux
Tapestry
English Law and Government
• Henry I [1100-1135]
• Exchequer
• King’s Court
• Common Law
– Collection of most recent
court rulings
Henry II
• Archbishop of Canterbury-Thomas Becket
• Fees instead of military
service
• Circuit courts
• Jury system
1215
King John and Magna Carta
• King must obey laws
• King could not limit
church
• Great Council must
meet to tax
• Trial prior to
imprisonment
• Jury of peers
• Speedy trial
Results of Magna Carta
• Guaranteed rights for all
English people
• Basic principles of limited
government and rules of law
Parliament
• House of Commons
• House of Lords
Common Law
• Basis for legal
systems of England
and United States
Capetian Dynasty
France
• Phillip II—1180-1223
– Seized Normandy from King John
– Increased land and power
Challenges to Church Authority
John Wycliffe
1328-1384
– England
– Christ not pope head
of Church
– Clergy should have no
wealth
– Bible alone final
authority on Christian
life
– English translation of
Bible
John Hus
1369-1415
– Bohemia [Czech
Republic]
– Bible authority higher
than Pope
– Excommunicated
– Burned at stake
Church Divided
• Pope Boniface VIII
– Kings must always obey Pope
• Philip IV
– Refuses
– Estates General
– Imprisons Pope
– French Pope at Avignon
• Great Schism 1378-1417
– Council of Constance 1414
Hundred Years’ War
1337-1453
Causes
• Dispute over French
territory claimed by
English King
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• Joan of Arc
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Effects
Longbow and cannon
weakened feudalism
Castles no longer
invincible
Parliament temporarily
gains power
English nationalism
Calais only French
territory that England
retains
War of the Roses
1455-1485
• Conflicts over claims
to throne
• Lancaster and York
• Henry VII and Tudor
Dynasty
• Marriage to Elizabeth
of York
• Increased power of king
• Death of many nobles
• Confiscation of noble
land increased wealth of
king
• Middle class rallies to
support Tudor reign
• Tudor rulers strong and
capable