Transcript 1450 CE - University High School

Unit 2: World Cultures Maturing
600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.
Europe During the Middle Ages &
the Renaissance
[500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.]
Barron’s Chp. 6
Strayer Chp. 10 (Middle Ages)
Strayer Chp. 13 (Renaissance)
Timeline
1. European Middle Ages (500 CE – 1500 CE)
– Phase 1  Early Middle Ages (500 – 1000 CE)
•
Political decentralization, backwardness
– Phase 2  High Middle Ages (1000 – 1300 CE)
•
•
Nations became defined, technology & culture
improved
European civilization evolved, strong Christian
influence
– Phase 3  Late Middle Ages (1300 – 1500 CE)
•
Black Death, Renaissance
2. Renaissance (1300 – 1600 CE)
– Cultural Rebirth
Frankish
Kingdoms
Avar Kingdom
Parhae
Byzantine Empire
Sassanid
Empire
Sui China
Silla
Yamoto
Japan
Harsha’ Empire
Chalukya
Ghana
Axum
States and Empires in 600 CE
4
European Origins
•Resulted from the collapse of the Roman
Empire (centralized authority)
•Attacks by Germanic tribes
Europe in the 6c
Feudalism & the Manor System
Origins of Feudalism
1. After the fall of Rome, Europe became
politically decentralized
2. No ruler was strong enough to provide
Europe with central authority
3. European monarchs didn’t have the power,
money, or military to govern their lands
effectively
Feudalism & the Manor System
Origins of Feudalism
4. Their solution was the
feudal system
5. Under feudalism lords and
monarchs would award land
to loyal followers (vassals)
6. Vassals would promise their
parcels of land (fiefs) would be
governed, law & order dispensed,
crops grown, and land protected
Feudalism & the Manor System
Origins of Feudalism
7. Feudal Retainers
– Vassals would subdivide their
fiefs into smaller units
– Vassals grant these units to
people they could trust
8. Feudalism remained the
heart of European politics
for centuries
Feudalism
Feudal Nobility
1. Those that received large
retainers (land grants) from
the monarch became
Europe’s noble class
2. Social hierarchy
– All members of feudal nobility
were tied to the monarch by
bonds of loyalty &
landownership
– Nobles provided political leadership
 The social structure of Europe worked like this:
Higher on the
pyramid, more
land a person
owned
Kings
Lords and
lesser kings
Vassals: knights,
Merchants, etc.
Peasants and serfs
Feudalism
Feudal Nobility
3. Feudal Military System
– Cavalry
•
•
Elite force of armed knights
on horseback
Horses & weapons very costly,
only members of upper class could afford to become
knights
– Foot soldiers
•
•
Recruited by nobles
In war time lords/nobles
would recruit serfs to fight
as foot soldiers
Feudalism
Feudal Nobility
4. Code of Chivalry
–
–
–
–
–
–
Medieval knights code of conduct
They were to be virtuous
Christian who served lord loyally
Treated lower class with justice
Gentlemanly toward women
Reality…
•
•
Chivalry did restrain extreme violent behavior
Code often broken
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
The Medieval Manor
1. Basic unit of feudal landholding was the
manor…
– Includes lord’s residence (estate or castle)
– Peasants’ village
– Surrounding village & lords house were
agricultural fields and woods where animals could
be hunted (usually reserved for the lords)
– Manors provided local structure but Isolated
society
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
Serfs
1. Economically, feudal system
relied on the labor of peasants
2. Most peasants were serfs
3. Serfs paid fees to use lords
facilities
i.e. water mill, bread oven, black
smith
Serfs
4. Serfdom defined…
– Technically not slaves
– Legally unfree
– Could not change residence or job
without permission
– Work mostly benefits their lord
– Portion of their own crops & livestock given to lord
– Certain number of days/month labor for lord…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Build roads
Clearing forests
Gathering firewood
Farming lords private fields (most common)
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty and
military service.
How Feudalism Changed Over Time
1. Feudalism was the political, economic, and
social system of Medieval Europe. It was
based on loyalty and military service.
2. It outlasted it’s original purpose.
3. After political units began to centralize &
resemble nations, feudal practices
remained in place.
How Feudalism Changed Over Time
4. What things began to change?
– Knightly class evolved into aristocratic nobility
– This class remained shaped European politics &
society until 1800’s & early 1900’s
– Change was very slow in central & eastern
Europe…serfdom didn’t end in Russia until
late 1800’s
– Feudalism set into place class differences…
•
•
•
Haves = Rich & Powerful (nobility)
Have Not’s = Poor & Powerless (Serfs, peasants)
Tension grew which eventually lead to European
nationalist revolutions (late 1700’s – early 1900’s)
Christendom
Unifying Influence of Christianity
1. Primary unifying force in Europe after the fall
of Rome was Christianity
2. Two major headquarters of Christianity…
– Rome
Western &
Central Europe
– Constantinople
Eastern Europe,
Greece,
Middle East
Christendom
Unifying Influence of Christianity
3. By 1045 CE, difference in geography and
doctrine led to the Great Schism
– Christianity separated into two churches
Orthodox
Catholic
Christendom
Unifying Influence of Christianity
4. Roman Catholicism
& Eastern Orthodoxy
– Roman Catholic Church
(Western & Central Europe)
Roman Catholic
Pope
– Eastern Orthodox Church
(Middle East, South
Eastern Europe, Russia)
Eastern
Orthodox
Patriarch
The Medieval Catholic Church
 filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world. Gave rise
to “Age of Faith”
 Shaped medieval society in many ways…
 Preserved Latin & Greek manuscripts
including: scientific essays, literary works,
and a wealth of learning
 Provided Europeans with a common faith
despite cultural differences
The Medieval Catholic Church
Monasticism:
 Religious communities whose members
were called monks & nuns…not
ordained priests.
 Benedictine Order = 1st European
monasteries stressed contemplation &
seclusion, poverty, chastity
 provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
The Medieval Catholic Church

Monasticism:
 inns, hospitals, refuge in times of
war.
 libraries & scriptoria to copy books
and illuminate manuscripts.

monks  missionaries to the
barbarians. [St. Patrick (Ireland),
St.Boniface (Germany)]
A Medieval Monk’s Day
A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
•Scholasticism merged
faith with reason - ala.
Thomas Aquinas
•Knowledge restricted by
the Catholic Church
Illuminated Manuscripts
The Power of the Medieval Church
 Head of Catholic Church is the
Pope
 Governed huge amounts of
territory in Italy
 Popes had power to determine…
 Heresy  proposing radical
change to a belief system
 Excommunication  excluding
people from Catholic Church
 Issue Crusades  holy wars
The Power of the Medieval Church
 Medieval Popes goal

Join European nations of Europe into a single Christian
community known as Christendom
 Christendom would be governed by the Pope with
kings & emperors subject to him
 Never fully achieved
 Holy Inquisition
 In 1231 C.E. a set of special courts with wideranging powers begins to punish heresy & religious
nonconformity
The Power of the Medieval Church
 bishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
 the church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
 tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40
days a year for combat.
tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
Medieval Roman Catholic Hierarchy
Pope
Archbishops & Cardinals
[Advise Pope]
Bishop
[preside over large territory and supervise priests]
Priest
[serves needs of individual community; men only]
Monks & Nuns
[members of religious community not ordained as priests]
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
1. It took several centuries after the fall of the
Roman Empire for stable nations to form
2. Short-lived kingdoms quickly
rose and fell during 500 +
600’s C.E.—many Viking &
Muslim invasions
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
3. Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire]
– One of Europe’s earliest
kingdoms
– Franks = German tribe who
gain large empire under leader
King Clovis (465-511CE)
•
Includes modern-day Germany,
France, Netherlands
– Clovis converted his empire
to Catholicism
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
3. Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire]
– Kingdom weakens after Clovis’s death but
becomes powerful again under Charles Martel
(688-741CE)
– Martel was a skilled military leader who drove
back Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours (741)
•
Very influential battles of medieval Europe
– Martel turns the Frankish empire into the
Carolingian dynasty (732 CE)
– Martel’s son Pepin strengthen the kingdoms ties
with the Catholic Church.
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
3. Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire]
– The greatest Carolingian
ruler was Pepin’s son
Charlemagne
(Charles the Great)
– Charlemagne ruled from
768-814CE
– Defended Frankish territory
from Viking & Muslim attacks
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
3. Frankish Kingdom [Carolingian Empire]
– Charlemagne greatly expands the empire, firmly
transforming it into the
Carolingian Empire
– Carolingian Empire evolves
into the Holy Roman Empire
– This occurs when the pope
crowns Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor
(800 CE)
Charlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowned Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
Carolingian Artifacts
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
4. Holy Roman Empire under
Charlemagne…
– Active supporter of church
sponsored education & culture
– His empire was very strong
& well organized
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
5. Collapse of Charlemagne’s Empire
– 843 C.E. Charlemagne’s
3 grandsons divide the
empire into smaller parts
– The concept of “holy” and
“Roman” survived…
•
•
It was a viable state allied
with the church
Provided relative centralized
authority
Western Monarchies &
the Eastern Frontier
6. By the late 800’s – 900’s early nations began
to emerge…
– Capetian Dynasty gradually gains more control of
France
– Eastern realm of Charlemagne’s realm reformed
itself as the Holy Roman Empire
•
Ruled most of central for centuries to come
The
Vikings
1. Vikings were expert sailors & fierce warriors
from Scandinavia
2. They helped shape early medieval European
nations by raiding & conquering land
throughout coastal Europe, down to the
Mediterranean
3. They forced England, France, and Holy
Roman Empire to defend against their
attacks, prompting these nations to
centralize power
England & France
1. England & France were the most stable
Western European states during the Early
Middle Ages
2. In 1066, William the Conqueror led
Normans (Viking decedents in France) into
England and conquered it
England & France
3. William & his successors were connect to
the French throne by blood.
4. This resulted in much confusion between
England & France regarding who had right
to rule
England & France
5. Results of Norman Conquest…
– French & English cultures start merging
– England becomes more centralized
– However checks were put on monarchs power
1. English Common Law…1100’s CE
–
Single law code & Jury system
2. Magna Carta…1215 CE
–
–
Guarantee nobility rights & privileges
LIMITS MONARCHS POWER
3. Parliament…late 1200’s
–
Representative lawmaking body
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Magna Carta, 1215
 King John I
 Runnymeade
 “Great Charter”
 monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
Capetian France
1. Capetians originally only rule a small
region of France
2. They continue centralizing their power by
– Take over English controlled regions of
France Aquitaine & Brittany
– Control major economically important
regions Flanders & Burgundy
– Beat English in 100 years war
Capetian France
Hugh Capet
1st Capetian King
3. By mid 1400’s, Capetian monarchs convert
France into one of the largest, most
centralized nations of
Europe
4. Unlike England,
French monarchs
have absolute power
100 Years War
1. War between
England & France
from 1337 – 1453 CE
2. 1st part of war
coincided with
European Black
Death and several
social uprisings in
England & France
both factors probably
contributed to long
duration of war
100 Years War
3. England was winning until 1400’s when Joan
of Arc aided the French King and drove
English out of France
– She was a peasant girl who led an army to
defeat the British claiming divine intervention
led to her success
– Joan was caught by a Germanic group & sold
to the British
– They tried & burned her as a heretic in 1431;
she was only 19 years old
4. War ended most tensions between English
& French royal families.
Holy Roman Empire
1. A multicultural empire that dominated Central
Europe
2. Established in the 900’s by Charlemagne’s
heirs
3. Why call it Holy Roman Empire?
– Holy  Brings many peoples under
Catholicism
– Roman  Large & powerful state (like Rome)
Holy Roman Empire
4. Social & Political characteristics….
– The Emperor & the Pope were suppose to
share political power…they often clash more
than they cooperated
– Emperor’s power was weak
•
Empires powerful nobles chose Emperor…not a
hereditary position
– Very ethnically diverse population
•
German, Italian (Northern Italy only), Hungarian,
Slavic
4. Social & Political
characteristics….
– Empire consisted of
almost 200 provinces
(smaller kingdoms) by
the mid-1300’s
– By 1438 the Habsburg
family gained control
over the imperial throne
and kept it until 1918
•
Part of Holy Roman
Empire evolves in
Austrian-Hungarian
Empire which collapsed
after WWI
Spain & Portugal
1. During medieval era these nations were
overtaken by Muslim invaders called Moors
in 700’s
2. Reconquista
– 200 year struggle to push Moors out of Spanish
peninsula [1031 – 1200’s]
– El Clid = famous Spanish general who helps
defeat the Moors
– By 1200’s, Moors push to southern part of
peninsula (Granada)
– 1492, Ferdinand & Isabella expel Moors from
Spain completely
Spain & Portugal
3. Centralization occurs slowly…after Moors are
kicked out each territory remained
independent
4. By late 1400’s, Ferdinand
of Aragon & Isabella of
Castile, rulers of the largest
kingdoms in Spain, marry
5. This allows Spain to form
into a single country
Spain & Portugal
6. Inquisition
– Muslim invasion & subsequent Reconquista cause
Catholic authorities to be very hostile to
nonbelievers
– Muslims & Jews (who Moors welcomed to Spain)
were persecuted
– By late 1400’s they are forced to convert to
Catholicism or leave Spain
Judas Chair was used during
the Spanish Inquisition to slowly
impale victim
Byzantium Empire & Eastern Europe
1. Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine
Empire in 476 C.E.
2. One of the most centralized empires of the
medieval era
– Constantinople was capital & trading center
3. Crossroads between Christian Europe &
Islamic Middle East
– Important center of trade
– Silk Road links Europe & Middle East to China
& India
Fall of Byzantium Empire
1. Despite major cultural & economic
advancements, Byzantium entered a long
period of decline.
2. By 1453, Ottoman Turks seized
Constantinople and destroyed the empire.
3. The Turks created the Ottoman Empire,
renaming the capital city Istanbul
4. Ottoman’s clashed with Holy Roman Empire
(later Austrian Empire) over territory in S.E.
Europe for centuries to come.
Eastern Europe
1. Eastern Europe was politically decentralized
during the medieval era thanks to constant
invasions from Mongols (1200’s), Ottomans
(after 1400’s)
2. Exceptions to this were Poland, Hungary, and
Sweden they were relatively stable &
sophisticated
Eastern Europe
3. Russia was very
destabilized
– during medieval era it
was governed by warring
princes.
– Mongols invaded in 1240’s
and placed region under
control of Golden Horde.
– Finally, BY 1400’S Russia
became free (Czar’s control Russia)
The Crusades
1. A religious war fought by Christians for the
purpose of defending the faith. Most often
"The Crusades" refers to a series of wars, at
least eight, fought between 1071 through the
next 200 years (1291).
The Crusades
2. Begun by Pope Urban II who was responding
to a plea to save the Byzantine Empire
(religious "cousins" of Roman Catholics) who
were helplessly watching their empire being
taken over by Muslim peoples.
– Council of Clermont =
Organized by Urban II, he
officially calls upon Catholic
knights of Europe to retake
Jerusalem and the Holy Land
from the Turks
The Crusades
3. Christians were shocked at their "Holy Land"
being taken over by Muslims
4. Western European Christians responded for a
variety of reasons including:
– Pope Urban promised an indulgence
– Landless peasants were promised they could
keep part of any land they conquered
– Greed - Lure of capturing wealth of "infidels"
– Adventure – most serfs had never been off their
manor
The Crusades
5. Many Popes supported the crusades for
religious and political reasons.
– Prevent Islamic control of Jesus' birthplace
– Keep "holy Land" open for pilgrimages
– Check power of European nobles who were
centralizing power by sending them thousands of
miles away
– Reestablish control over Eastern Orthodox
Catholics
Results of the Crusades
1. Temporary control was reestablished by
Crusaders in the Levant. However it was
short-lived. Muslims led by Saladin soundly
defeated the ill-prepared Europeans by using
better technology and fighting on their own
turf.
2. Most of the Crusades were
bloody carnages that settled
little but leave a lasting
distrust between Muslims
and Christians.
Results of the Crusades
3. Advanced Islamic technology and culture
were in demand by Europeans
4. Decrease in power of the Popes who were
suspected of material rather than religious
motives. Increase power of European kings
and greater secularization.
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Population Growth, Trade, Commerce
1. Advanced agricultural
techniques, like the
3 field system of
crop rotation and better
plows, cause food
supplies to increase.
2. This creates a
population boom
[1000 – 1300 CE]
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Population Growth, Trade, Commerce
3. Growth of trade &
commerce
– Political stability allow
banking and
transporting goods safer
and more convenient
– Markets are created
[places/regions where
buying & selling of goods
occurs]
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Population Growth, Trade, Commerce
4. Growth of commerce & trade help foster
creation of major European trade routes
– Trade easier by water so routes follow rivers &
coastlines
– Mediterranean trade focused on Italy & helped
connect Europe to Middle East
– Other famous routes include Rhine River,
North Sea, English Channel, and Baltic Sea
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Population Growth, Trade, Commerce
4. Growth of commerce & trade help foster
creation of major European trade routes
– Hanseatic League
•
•
Baltic Sea trade dominated by this group
Its influence stretched from England to Russia
– Banking makes trade feasible & dependable
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Urbanization
1. Most people in medieval Europe lived in
country and worked as peasants or serfs
2. However, increasing numbers of people
start moving to cities
3. Regions where strong trade existed saw major
urban growth especially Italy
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Urbanization
4. What do cities have to offer?
– Attract artists, writers, trades people, laborers
– Freedom from
feudal obligation
•
•
Live in city for
1 year + 1 day =
free from serfdom
Common saying
“city air makes you free”
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Urbanization
4. What do cities have to offer?
– Guilds
•
•
Skilled trade workers
organize guilds
(labor groups)
They maintained
monopoly on their trade
by restricting
membership, est. prices,
set quality standards &
fair practices, create
pensions
Birth of Commercial Revolution
Banking, Trade, Urbanization
Urbanization
4. Characteristics of cities…
– Crowded
– Polluted
– Poverty
– Chance to gain wealth
– Cultural opportunities
Social Stress in Late Medieval Period
1. Growing social stress occurs throughout 1300
to 1500’s due to uprisings & revolts
2. Why revolt?
– Cooling of environment (referred to as the “Little
Ice Age”) destroys harvests
– Peasants forced into military service
•
Especially during the 100 years war
– Common people (peasants and city dwellers)
were heavily taxed
– Religious disagreements sometimes led to
rebellions late 1400’s
Black Death
•
Popular name for the bubonic plague
•
Arrived in Europe around mid 1300’s
•
One of, if not the, greatest medical
disasters of European history
•
After killing millions in China, it traveled to
the Middle East
•
Arrived in Sicily in 1347
Black Death
•
•
•
•
•
1347 – 1348 plague destroyed southern
Europe
1349 – 1350 it spreads to central Europe &
British isles
1351 – 1352 it spread to Russia &
Scandinavia
Initially the plague killed 25 to 30 million
people (1/3 population of Europe)
Plague reappeared in Europe for several
centuries—was not nearly as bad as the 1st
Victims of the Black Death
Bubonic plague is the best known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague,
caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella
pestis). It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The term "bubonic plague" was
often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection
that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphatics, as is often seen in fleaborne infections. Bubonic plague kills about half of infected patients in 3–7 days without
treatment, and is believed to be the Black Death that swept through Europe in the
1340s, killing tens of millions.[1] Still found in certain parts of world—Africa, Asia, South
America.
Women in Medieval Europe
•
•
•
•
Freedom and rights depended
largely on social statues
Cared for household & assisted
with farmwork
Women of low birth also worked as
servants for upper-class
They had some property rights
– Could own & inherit land and property
•
•
Received dowries
Could separate from husband but divorce was
very difficult (illegal under Catholicism)
Women in Medieval Europe
•
•
•
Protect but not equality under the
law
Could become nuns not priests
in Catholic & Eastern Orthodox
Church
Most nuns were from aristocracy
– Noble families had to pay dowries
(including land) to potential husbands
– Many could not afford to marry off all
their daughters
Women in Medieval Europe
Women with Intellectual Pursuits Became Nuns
• Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
– Celebrated writer & song writer
Women in Politics
• Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122 – 1204)
– Marries Louis VII of France, then
Henry II of England
– Gained much influence politically
in both countries
Romanesque Architectural Style
 Rounded Arches.
 Barrel vaults.
 Thick walls.
 Darker, simplistic interiors.
 Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Gothic Architectural Style
 Tall
 Slender spires
 Large stained-glass windows
 ornate carvings
 flying buttresses
Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval Castle
The Printing Press 1436-1437
• New Invention revolutionized Europe called the
moveable-type printing press
• Designed by Johannes Gutenberg
• Ancient China
– 1st to develop block printing—
carved images on blocks of
wood
– Very costly
• Gutenberg’s Printing Press
– Individual reusable metal
characters placed into a frame
to form text
Impact of Printing Press
•
•
•
•
•
Raised literacy rates
Spread information
Increased impact of new
ideas & scientific theories
Encouraged expansion of
libraries & universities
Played major role in…
1. Renaissance
2. Protstant Reformation
The Renaissance 1300 - 1600
Defined
1. Cultural and intellectual revival
2. Began in southern Europe Italian city-states
in 1300’s
3. This revival eventually comes to be known as
the “rebirth” or Renaissance
4. Historians have a much better appreciation
of medieval culture, therefore the
Renaissance is now thought of as a
gradual cultural / intellectual evolution
The Renaissance 1300 - 1600
Causes—Why does it start in Italy?
• Italy consisted of several
sophisticated urban
city-states
•
Commercial strength of
these city-states
– Generated much wealth
– Rich merchants wanted to
increase their social status
so they sponsored
artists & writers
The Renaissance 1300 - 1600
Causes—Why does it start in Italy?
•
Italy very successful
center for trade &
commerce between
Europe & Middle East
The Renaissance 1300 - 1600
Famous Figures of Renaissance
•
•
•
•
•
Medici Family
– Italian merchant family of Florence
– Very wealthy, major patron of the arts
Giovanni Boccaccio 1313-1375
– Famous author
Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527
– Political philosopher
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519
– Artist & scienctist
Micheangelo 1427-1564
– Painter & sculptor