Transcript Bastille (July 14, 1789)

The Revolution and the
Reorganization of France
Section 9.42
Moderate Phase
Night of
August 4th
Ends
Feudalism
Estates
General
Called
Constitution of
1791 creates
Constitutional
Monarchy
September
Massacres
-Year 1 of
Republic
Begins
Bastille
Stormed
Flight to
Varennes
March on
Versailles
1789
1790
-National
Assembly
formed
-Tennis
Court
Oath
1791
1792
1793
Civil
Constitution
of the Clergy
Great
Fear
Declaration
of the Right
of Man and
Citizen
Declaration
of Pillnitz
Louis XVI
executed
Cause 3: Financial Crisis (1787-88)
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1788 Budget
–
25%- military
–
50% for interest on debt (4 billion livres)
–
6% Versailles
–
< 20% -Internal improvements/administration
–
American Independence
British had almost the same distribution so what’s
the big deal?
–
Louis XIV had repudiated some of his debt (gov
refused to pay)
•
Destroyed government’s credit
•
Debt held by aristocrats and bourgeoisie
No central bank
–
No means of creating credit
–
No paper currency
•
Gold Specie
Problems with taxation
–
1st & 2nd exemption
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Bourgeoisie evades taxes
–
Tax Farmer corrupt and inefficient
One of the cottages
built in Marie
Antoinette's private
village
Battle of Yorktown
Estates General (May 5, 1789)
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Calonne
–
director of finances in 1786
–
creates a program to replace the taille,
Calls for
–
general tax on all landowners
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abolition of internal tariffs
–
confiscation of some church properties
–
a provincial assembly that represented all
without regard to estate
–
Parlement of Paris rejected it
convened “assembly of notables” in 1787
–
deadlocked followed and Calonne was fired
–
Lomenie de Brienne,
–
successor tried same program but was told
that only Estates General could approve this
–
king resisted but gave in
–
Louis XVI calls for a meeting of the Estates
General (May 1789)
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
Étienne Charles de Loménie
de Brienne
National Assembly Formed (June 17, 1789)
How should Estates meet?
•
One chamber – third estate wins
•
Separate chambers – first and second
estate wins
•
In September of 1788, Parlement of
Paris declares separate chambers
Aims of the nobility
•
Constitutional government
•
Guarantees of liberties (their liberties)
•
Freedom of speech and press
•
Due process of law
•
Wanted to govern France through the
Estates General
– drew up a list of grievances
(cashiers des doleances) that they
wanted addressed
National Assembly Formed (June 17, 1789)
•
•
•
delegates of the 3rd Estate were:
– businessmen (13%)
– lawyers (25%)
– government officeholders
(43%)
Turned on the Nobility
Abbe Sieyes: What is the Third
Estate?
– Wrote a pamphlet that said the
nobility is useless class
– Third Estate is the necessary
one
– Is the nation
– Is sovereign (Rousseau’s ideas
enter Revolutionary thought)
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
National Assembly Formed (June 17, 1789)
• Class conflict
– Bourgeois reject
pretensions of the nobility
– completely distrust the
nobles
• threw bourgeois into a
radical and destructive
mood
• Refuse to meet separately at
Estates General
– deadlock lasts for 6 weeks
– Some of First and Second
Estate come over to the
Third Estate
• Declare themselves the
National Assembly (June 17,
1789)
Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789)
• June 20 third estate finds
doors to Versailles meeting
hall locked
– National Assembly goes
to nearby ‘handball’ court
• Tennis Court Oath (June 20,
1789)
– Not to disband until they
have a Constitution
• Revolutionary – assumed
sovereignty without a legal
claim King orders 3 estates
to separate chambers and
tardily presents his own
program of reform (too late),
NA refuse to budge
Cause 4: Character of Louis XVI
• King popular up to 1789
• Supported most by
bourgeoisie
• Wanted liberty (economic)
• King indecisive
– Sides with Nobles
(feudalism)
– Louis could
• Suppress National
Assembly & Tennis
Court Oath
• Support it
• Louis does both
Bastille (July 14, 1789)
• King and Nobility join forces
• Calls up the 18 thousand soldiers to
dissolve National Assembly
• Paris overrun with unemployed
– 50% (1787-1789)
• 1788 poor harvest
• 1788
– 50% of family budget on bread
– caused a marked reduction in
purchase and therefore
manufacturing of goods
• many peasants used domestic
industry to supplement their
incomes
• National Assembly viewed as only
hope
• Third Estate begins looking for
weapons
Bastille (July 14, 1789)
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Parisians alarmed at the concentration of
troops at Versailles
Sought weapons and ammo
Bastille
– Medieval Castle
– prison (for the rich)
• reputation of a torture chamber and
symbolized tyranny
JULY 14, 1789
Crowd attacks and kills several officials
– Army holds back
Saves the National Assembly at Versailles
Louis XVI
– Recognizes NA
– Commands nobles and clergy to join
The Great Fear (July-Aug 1789)
•
•
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•
Fear among peasants
that brigands &
outlaws were coming
peasants began to
attack manors
burning houses and
destroying manorial
archives
Agrarian revolutionary
efforts intended on
destroying the
manorial regime
Night of August 4, 1789
•
Problem – meeting demands of
peasants and not depriving
landed aristocracy of income
•
Solution – “night of august 4”
•
Liberal nobility surrender
vestiges of feudalism and
serfdom
– declared flatly that feudalism
is abolished
•
Receive “compensation” for
eminent property loss
– payments to buy off nobility
• few are made
• abolished by radical phase
of the revolution
medallion celebrating the Night of August 4
Declaration of the Rights of Man (8/27/1789)
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Men are free and equal
Natural rights of liberty, property, and security and
resistance to oppression
Freedom of thought and religion
Due process of law
All citizens are eligible for office (if qualified)
Law
–
must be equitable
–
originates from the general will
The nation is sovereign
Taxes are made by common consent
Powers of government should be separated
“man” refers to all human beings, even women
–
revolutionaries gave right to vote only to men
consider politics, gov. war masculine business
saw “feminine” corruptions of the Old Regime
–
‘Women are disposed to an over-excition which
would be deadly in public affairs.”
–
So women had little or no role in the Revolution?
FALSE
Marquis de Lafayette
March to Versailles (October 4, 1789)
• Marat
– Radical writer
– Spreads rumor of King’s disrepect for Tricolor
• Women
– Customarily managed family resources
– Parisian women worked as wage earners
within putting out system
• Nobles fled country after Bastille
• Demand for luxuries plummeted
• 7 thousand women and revolutionary
militants with Paris national guard marched
to Versailles
– angered by the price of bread and thought
king was undermining the Assembly
– Interrupted National Assembly
• Demanded bread
– demanded an audience with the king
• broke into the palace
• Slaughtered Royal Guardsmen
• Royal Family forced to return to Paris
Constitution of 1791
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•
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National Assembly moves to Paris
France a Constitutional Monarchy
One house system called the Legislative assembly
elected representatives
Has all lawmaking power
King has only a suspension veto
Abolish all privilege
Women
•
May seek divorce
•
Inherit property
•
Seek child support
•
Not allowed to vote or hold political office
– Rousseauian attitude toward women
» Raise children
» Corrupting influence on Old Regime
Replaced provinces with 83 departments based
on old bishoprics
Metric system adopted
Monopolies, guilds, unions prohibited
Religious toleration
Citizenship
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Only Active Citizens could Vote
What is an Active Citizen?
–
Males over 25 that could pay a tax
–
only 50% qualified as “active
citizens”
–
voted indirectly for electors who
were wealthy land owners
–
electors chose delegates to
National Assembly and
departments
Passive
– landless
–
illiterate- worker
–
Had Civil rights But no right to vote
King
–
lost power of army and couldn’t sit
in Assembly
This cartoon mocks the
distinction
between active and passive
citizens.
Many revolutionaries hated
this difference,
essentially dividing those
with property
from those without. The
propertied (active)
were the only ones who
could participate
in the political process
Church Lands Seized (Nov. 1789)
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Huge Public debt owed to
the bourgeois
National Assembly paid
debt by taking over Church
lands
Issued assignats
– Paper currency backed
by sale of Church lands
Favored middle class
peasants did receive land
through middle men
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• National Assembly Secularized and
Nationalized Catholic Church
• Parish priests and bishops
were elected (by 50 thousand
electors)
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–
• Protestant, Jews and
agnostics could vote
No papal letter was accepted to
affirm the appointment
could not carry out Pope order
unless approved by gov
Reduce number of dioceses from
130 to 83 (one for each dept.)
Prohibited religious vows and
dissolved the monasteries
The Quarrel with the Church
• Bishops want a say in the
Civil Constitution
– Assembly refused and
stupidly went to the
Pope for his blessing
• instead the Pope
denounced the entire
revolution
• National (Constituent)
Assembly demands an
oath of loyalty from all
French clergy
• All except a few Bishops
refuse (Talleyrand)
The Quarrel with the Church
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Created two churches in France
Constitutional clergy
• Official and taking directives
from the National Assembly
Refractory clergy
– Covert and taking directives
from Rome
– more serious Catholics
belonged to this
King sides with the refractory
church
– example of the King makes
laity nervous
• peasants prefer the
refractory church
• working class prefer the
refractory church
– desire proper marriages and
baptisms
cartoon representation of the
confiscation of church lands
Radicals Take Over
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émigrés -Conservatives become disillusioned
by mob violence leave the country
Mobs and anarchists are taking over
San Culottes
–
Radical and violent urban working class
artisans
–
Despised breeches (culottes) of nobility
–
Anti-rich
•
Not anti-private property
–
Equality (favored direct democracy)
–
Favorite weapon (Pike)
–
Influenced the Jacobins
Jacobins
–
Society of Friends of the Constitution –
Jacobins
•
Extremely revolutionary
•
Club that met in old Jacobin monastery
•
discuss policies
•
A middle class, bourgeois club
•
Many elected to new National Assembly
in Constitution of 1791
Sans Culottes
Flight to Varennes
• In 1791 attempted “flight of
Varennes” (town in Lorraine)
and tried to escape the country,
join with émigré noblemen, seek
help from foreign powers
• King left a written message in
which he trashed the Revolution
– Assembly increasingly under
control of Jacobins
– Extreme revolutionaries
– Bond between King and
people irreparably damaged