Transcript power point for the middle ages - Humble Independent School District

Serfs Up –
Catch a Wave
to the
Middle Ages
Let your mind drift
back in time to a time before
organized
government,
A time when
Men were Men…
Man was …
Free, independent, owned property
Governed by laws of nature
Independent of others
until –
da,
da, da,
da,
Barbarians attackedLand, lives, property
taken by force
Workin’ for the man
This marked the fall of Rome and really -
the fall of
Just about everything
Time in Question
Roughly between
500 - 1500
Civilization as man
knew it – ended
But what goes
on during those
1,000 years that
we’re interested in
What’s in a name?
Middle Ages –
Dark Ages –
Feudalism –
“ism” - Belief in the
feudal way of life
a political
and economic way of governing land
based upon relationship of lord to vassal
What ever we call it
Feudalism worked –
It kept the peace
Restored order and
reintroduced a
system of laws and
government
But how did
civilization fall?
I’LL TRY TO TELL YA -
Once the Roman Empire Fell
Roads fell apart
no Roman army there to keep em up
Traveldangerous, hard, slow, sold only to local markets
Stores closedless people to sell to
Unemploymentleft city to go into the country
City populationdecline, and cities almost disappeared
Money –
not used, barter for goods
No trade
no exchange of cultural ideas
World of the Middle Ages was reduced to a few
miles from your place of birth
Decline of Learning and Culture
Education and the arts destroyed
Needs were day to day, no higher form
Let’s Review
Reasons for Feudalism
Weak governments
couldn’t protect the people
People give up land for protection
warlords provided what governments couldn’t
peace and protection
Feudalism – a new system of government
restored order and peace – but with a price
Decline of Strong Government
Rulers failed to provide protection
no standing armies
Land taken over by wandering bands of thugs
Man began to - Fight back,
Communities were formed
Safety
Growth
Majority rule
General good
Leaders stepped up
War lords step up and promise protection for a price
Mercenaries – hired guns if you will
Eventually they
accept his rule
Over time war lord
and family seen as
legitimate rulers
“Divine Right of Kings”
Biggest, strongest
Birth right
Father to son
Unquestioned
Unchallenged
Selected by God to rule
Understanding – between
warlord and peasant
Land for protection
You live on the, farm the land
and the produce from the land
turned over to the lord as taxes
Contract –
meeting of the minds
between two parties
1. Peasants gave up
freedom to a degree
2. Rulers gave protection
All for a price
For protection you oweTaxes –
Service –
Homage -
Born to Serf
Part of the land
95% of the population
Not a slave
Lord’s land 3-4 days a week
“One year and a day” -
Governing the land
Too much for one man
“Fief” – land given as
a gift
“Vassal”- one receiving
the land
Vassal is able to pass the
land down to his children
and the contract continues
over the generations
“Contract”
between lord
and his vassal
Blessed by the
Church
Clump of sod
blessed and passed
from lord to vassal
Vassal’s Contract
Loyalty
Military service – 90 days
Payment – taxes or crops
More land means more money and power
Subinfeudation – vassal divides land
becomes a lord to those he gave land to- he is
their lord, they own him, loyalty, service, payment
Subinfeudation
One of the few ways a
lesser lord or knight gains
power
Lord knows land is divided
Rightful share – he’s cool
English king for a time was a
vassal to the French king
Normandy- northern France
was held by England
English king was a vassal
to the French king
Made it socially awkward
when the two countries
fought each other
Henry V of England’s
coat of arms
Rigid Fixed Classes
Nobles – 5%, upper class and Church members
Little upward growth- once a member, always
a member
Birth – determines everything as well as when
you left the womb
Marriage – economic and political gain
“Dowry” – money or land
Love had nothing to do with it – “courtly love”
Eldest son gets it all
name, land, cha-ching
Power to have it all
Other sons –
still nobility
knight
clergy
Manorial System
Not the best system, but it did work
Basic community unit
Small – self sufficient pockets of
political power
Agriculture – dominant form of
economy
Ladies – you have little if any rights!
Prearranged marriage - very early
Union between families
Join lands
Have children
Peasants –
Barter
Degree of love involved
More freedom
Approval of the lord
Low output on farm land
serfs given scattered strips of land
poor equipment – wooden plow, hoes, sickles
no crop rotation – “fallow”- 3 field system
Vassal- lord of his land
Owes- service, taxes, homage
“Manor house” – lord’s home
Over two hundred years of slow change
Economics
Social
Political
Intellectual
Artistic
Greater degree of peace allowed for growth
Castle Keep –
Main tower
One door, spiral stairs, narrow/light on the right side
Strongest point of castle
Storerooms on ground floor
Prison and drinking well in basement
Battlements with walkways surround tower
Main living area
Floor – covered with rushes
warmth, cover dirt
Tapestries- decoration, drafts
Lighting- torches, candles
Little furniture- kept against the wall,
tables- boards on trestles, taken down and stacked
General sleeping area for minor guests
Meals in the Great Hall
Table set in “U” shape
lord and guest sat at “dais”- raised platform
Servers and
entertainment in
the center
Washed hands
and shared food
Bring your own knife – no other utensils
forks not until the 1300’s
“Mess”- sharing dishes and food with guests
lord’s table – had the only salt, locked in iron
cupboard – “Above the salt”
Cut your own plate –
stale bread, “trencher”
Cut meat – pass the knife
Wipe hands on bread and
then table cloth
Try not to touch dogs – flees
Lesser guests- sat further down from the lord
lesser of all guests – very far left side of lord
Lots of meat and veggies – thick stews served on
trenchers – ate the plate when finished
Better food might be passed down to other guests
1 pound of bread a day
Silver, pewter for honored guests
wood or earthenware for others
Role of the Catholic Church
Kings- vassals to the Church
Part of nobility
Religious were wealthy
Monasteries very wealthy
Common threads of the Middle Ages
Europe became Christian
taught barbarians higher code of
morality and behavior
Christians scribes – conservation of Greco-Roman
Latin medium of communication
Monks lived apart
from society –
Priests lived within
Benedictine Rule
Mix of manual and
intellectual work
Manuscripts, hospitals,
schools
Government advisers, secretaries, diplomats
Major religious orders
Benedictines – St. Benedict
Franciscans – St. Francis
Dominicans – St. Dominic
Importance of the Bible
Faith
Education
Laws
One monk 20 years to copy one Bible
Vellum and parchment - animal skins.
Vellum - skin of a young calf.
All other writing material made from skins is termed
parchment.
Medieval manuscript illuminators mainly embellished
capitals and placing artwork around the borders of most
pages
Start of the
university system
A university was not a physical
space but a collection of individuals
banded together
Cannon law, business
administration, logic, speech,
theological discussion and
accounting to more effectively
control finances
University of Bologna- 1088
University of Paris- 1150
University of Oxford- 1096
University of Cambridge- 1209
Bologna students hired
and paid for the teachers
Paris teachers were paid by
the church
Oxford and Cambridge
predominantly supported
by the crown and the state
Universities evolved from much
older monasteries
Concerned with performing
the liturgy and prayer
Relatively few could boast
true intellectuals
Classes were taught wherever
space was available
Students had legal protection of the church
No physical harmonly tried for crimes in a church court, and were thus
immune from any corporal punishment
Free rein in the cities to break the laws with impunity,
Produced many abuses: theft, rape and murder were not
uncommon among students who did not face serious
consequences
Not So Dark Ages
Banking
Universities
Common Law
Middle class
Rise of town life
Revived economically
trade grew
population boom
social improvements
Expansion of old towns
building increased
more jobs
extra cash to spend
Three social classes
the clergy
the nobility
the peasantry
Creation of an
artisan or merchant
class
In time they became
the middle class or
bourgeoisie
Trade and travel
safer
Culture and
ideas were
exchanged
World began to
grow
Merchant class engaged in manufacturing and trade
Trade Guilds
Skilled and unskilled workers
Apprentice
Journeyman
Master
License must be bought and few could pay –
many free Journeymen than Master Craftsmen
Middle Class Wanted
Larger role in politics
New business techniques
Invest surplus money
Commercial revolution
From rural and farm
to urban and industrial
society
Hopes of independence
of lord’s jurisdiction
Towns people represented radical
force for change
Demanded larger role
in political matters
Medieval Courts of Law
Royal Courts of Law
Punished criminals reduced
violence increased royal income
Weakened feudal barons
strengthen royal authority
Increased respect for law itself
Lords will borrow money from
merchants – begin
to lose power
1215 Magna Carta
Lord no longer all powerful
English Common Law and the Jury System became key
players in Anglo-American law
Magna Carta – contains the principle that
there is an authority higher than the king
to which he must also answer to ---
The Law
No one is above the Law
Embedded in the Western political consciousness
English Common Law
English Common Law
Unfair to treat similar facts differently on different
occasions
Court looks to past rulings in past similar cases
The body of similar examples is called
"common law“
Binds future decisions of relevant courts
Exercise of common law often involved
juries –
Local people to answer questions of fact
Foundation of the Anglo-American Jurisprudence
King called members of leading classes to meet
start of representative assemblies
Methods of Proclaiming
Guilt or Innocence
Trial by ordeal is a judicial practice by which the guilt
or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting
him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience
Classically, the
test is one
of life or death
and the proof
of innocence is
survival
Ordeal of fire typically required that the accused walk a
certain distance, usually nine feet, over red-hot coals or
holding a red-hot iron
Wound was bandaged
and re-examined three
days later,
If innocent, the wound
was healing, if festering
taken as a sign from God
of guilt and suspect
executed
Ordeal of boiling water required the accused to dip his
hand in a kettle of boiling water and retrieve a stone.
Wound was bandaged and
re-examined three days later
If innocent, the wound was
healing, if festering taken as a
sign from God of guilt and
suspect executed
The ordeal of cold water has a precedent
in the Code of Hammurabi
A millstone was tied to the neck
of the accused and thrown into
a body of water
If he surfaced he was innocent
for the waters did not suck him
down since the weight of the
crime did not press upon
his soul
Trial by Combat settle accusations in the absence of
witnesses or a confession in which two parties in
dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the
fight was proclaimed to be right.
The Course of Empire
THOMAS COLE
The Savage State
Far shore a clearing cluster of wigwams - future city
Mountain appears in every painting
Storm clouds. - nature is supreme
Primitive man - nomadic hunter
Wounded deer - man’s efforts to dominate nature
Cluster of wigwams - the nucleus of the city
Mountain appears in every painting
Storm clouds – powerful, nature is supreme
Primitive man - nomadic hunter
Injured deer - man’s efforts to dominate nature
Primitive canoes – development of transportation
Man - banded together for the mutual necessities –
protection, sustenance, and worship.
Pastoral State
Boy draws a primitive stick figure of the woman
holding a spinning distaff, symbolizing the origins
of drawing and painting
A tree stump, clearly cut by humans, - negative
effects of civilization
Men and women dancing - beginning of music
A permanent settlement - Smoke – house –
human control over nature for domestic purposes.
Mounted horsemen - human control over animals,
also future military development
Advanced ships, foreshadowing the beginnings of
sea trade and expansion
A woman in classical clothing, carrying a spindle
and distaff (a rod for winding thread), may be
mythological figure Clotho, spinner of fate
Left of center - soldier in armor - coming of
military conflict
Consummation
Viewpoint shifts to the opposite shore,
approximately the site of the clearing in the first
painting
Scarlet-robed king or victorious general crosses a
bridge in a triumphal procession.
Manmade structures cover the mountain, completely
subject to human domination
Spears and other military garb suggest a thoroughly
militarized society.
Athena symbolizes war and victory
Cole’s signature carved into the stone suggests
detached observation like scholar
The potted plant symbolizes human control
over nature
The scholar like Cole records history as it
happens,
Cole created another kind of record through
pictures
Destruction
Almost the same point of view as the third, artist
has stepped back a bit to allow a wider scene of the
action, and moved almost to the center of the river
Fleet of enemy warriors has overthrown the city’s
defenses, sailed up the river, and is busily burning
the city and killing and raping its inhabitants
Bridge which the procession had crossed is broken,
a makeshift crossing strains under the weight of
soldiers and refugees
In the foreground a statue of some hero stands
headless, still striding forward into the uncertain
future, reminiscent of the hunter in the first
painting
Mountain becomes more visible again, asserting
the return of nature
Nature echoes the chaos of the empire’s
destruction in the form of storm clouds, wind, and
fire.
Temple’s porch becomes the base for a catapult,
indicating that the violence of civilization has
corrupted art and religion.
Ships that once promoted trade and
exploration now burn and sink
Woman fleeing from a soldier throws herself
into the harbor, indicating the collapse of
civilization into sexual violence.
Desolation
shows the results, years later
Remains of the city in the light of a dying day
The landscape has begun to return to wilderness,
No human seen
Remnants of their architecture is seen
The sunrise of the first painting
is mirrored here by a moonrise
Civilization has fallen, and the mountain has
returned to its natural state and is
reestablished as a key feature
The moon confirms the completing the cycle
begun with The Savage
Nature is slowly reclaiming the ruins of the
empire
Architectural fragments have a melancholy
beauty.
Agricultural Revolution
Horse collar
Better use of land
New land cultivated
Food production increased tremendously
Population explosion