Transcript Presentation

CH 10 THE RISE OF
THE MIDDLE AGES
The Franks
Germanic tribe that conquers much of what
had been the Western Roman Empire
Clovis
*Early Frankish King (their
first to convert to Christianity)
*Mayor of the Palace – official
who ran the government’s day
to day affairs (while the kings feasted,
hawked, etc.)
Charles Martel
Former Mayor of the Palace who became King
*”The Hammer” – he stops the Moors at the
Battle of Tours in 732AD
*Continental Europe
Pyrenees
mountains
*Iberian Peninsula
*Helped separate Muslim or
Moorish Spain from the
rest of Western Europe
C
H
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L
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M
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~Charles the Great - greatest Frankish King
~Able military & governmental leader who promoted
education, the arts, and Christianity
Treaty of Verdun 843 AD
*Divided Charlemagne’s Empire between
his grandsons, leading to its decline
Vikings
*Scandinavians who were also called Norsemen, Danes,
Northmen, Norse
Norse Warriors
Northmen
Norse Mythology
Gods: Odin, Thor, Loki, Hel, etc.
Valkries: escorted slain heroes to Valhalla
Valhalla: Hall of fallen heroes
Asgard: realm of the gods
Bracelet
Viking Runes
Brooch
Spears
VIKING BURIAL
CUSTOMS
Often buried in a boat along
with the possessions needed
for the afterlife
BURIAL
MOUNDS
VIKING SHIPS
“A-VIKING” or RAIDing
~If you could defend yourself they traded with you
~If you were weak they raided and took what they wanted
*Monasteries a frequent target…
VIKING RAIDS
ON ENGLAND 800’s AD
VIKING EXPLORATION
~To Iceland, Greenland, and to North America!
HAGAR THE HORRIBLE!!
Normandy
*coastal Province of France named
after, and given to, the Norsemen who
raided And eventually settled there
Feudalism
*Political and social system of the Middle Ages
*Based on hereditary lordship or nobility
controlling the peasant class
The feudal hierarchy
1. the king
2. GREAT LORDS
3. LESSER LORDS
OR KNIGHTS
4. COMMONERS (SOME FREEMEN & SOME SERFS)
Serfs - peasants tied to the land of the lord
Medieval lords
Vassal – person (usually a lesser lord) who pledged
allegiance to a (higher) lord
*Act of “Homage”or fealty (“allegiance”), where
the Vassal and Lord pledged mutual obligations to
one another
Ex. Vassal swears to defend the lord, lord swears to provide law & order, etc.
Fief
*Grant of land given to a
Vassal by a lord
*It gave the vassal income (thru taxes) to outfit
himself for war on the lord’s behalf
*Primogeniture (“first born”) – system where land was inherited
by ONLY the eldest son
FEUDAL ERA JUSTICE WAS A
CONFUSING MIX OF:
>MANOR LAW : the lord of the manor acts as the judge
>TOWN LAW: town elders or early courts judge the accused
>CHURCH OR CANON LAW: high ranking church
officials judged clergymen accused of wrongdoing
Trial by Battle or Combat
•The winner seen as innocent or in
the right – the loser as guilty
•Role of Champions – you could have a “champion” fight for you
•Role of God – would help the innocent
Trial by Oath
(*Also called Compurgation)
Character witnesses testified on behalf of the
accused and the Lord or lords acted as judge
Trial by Ordeal
•Healing cleanly from some physical ordeal
(or even surviving it) determined innocence
while infection or death suggested guilt
* Role of God – again, would help the innocent
Chain Mail – interwoven links of metal that acted
as flexible armor (often just called “mail”)
KNIGHTS IN “MAIL”
HELMS (or helmets)
KNIGHTS IN PLATE ARMOR
ARMOR PARTS OR NAMES
HORSE ARMOR
SOME MEDIEVAL WEAPONS:
AXES, SWORDS,DAGGERS,PIKES,
WAR HAMMERS, CROSS BOWS, ETC.
MACE OR FLAIL
Peace of God
Truce of God
~No fighting on holy days
~No fighting on holy ground
”Under the protection of the Church”
**Both were (mostly unsuccessful) efforts by the Church
to limit feudal warfare
(***At one point the Church also tried to ban tournaments or threaten to
not give a Christian burial to anyone who died during a tournament)
Manor
*Primary economic and living unit of Middle Ages
(a largely self-sufficient agricultural estate)
**Also called Manorialism or Manor life…
•Village
•Church
•Manor House
•Fields
•Woods
•Mill
•Etc.
Domain
*Also spelled Demense – the portion of the manor’s land
reserved for the lord (the other parts being rented out to
peasants)
Three field system – planting 2 fields and leaving one fallow,
or unplanted, increased the crop yields
Serfs
*Peasants of the Middle Ages
•Tied to manor land and lord
where they were born
Castle
Home of a king or great lord – designed for protection
Castle Moat
Defensive ditch surrounding a castle
(*May or may not have water in it)
Chivalry
•Code of conduct for medieval knights
•Includes: Bravery, loyalty, fighting fair, respectful
treatment of women, etc.
Page
Young boy assigned to a
knight for training
Squire
Knight’s assistant
*Usually a teen or young man
Coats
of
Arms
~Also known as: Heraldry or
Armorial Bearings
~ A shield with decorative symbols that represent the bearer
of the shield
~ Originally used for identification on chaotic battlefields,
they later become treasured family symbols
*Heraldry from the Heralds at Medieval Tournaments who later
recorded Coats of Arms in books…