Transcript History of Cyprus revision slides

COLLEGE - LIMASSOL
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
History of Cyprus
Lecture 13
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Class Participation: 5%
Assignment: 15%
Mid-Term: 30%
Final examination:50%
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Lectures 1-12
Revision power points (lecture 13)
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Persian domination
Evagoras’s & Onesilos action
Alexander the Great
Demetrius the Besieger
Items of Cesnola Collection
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The activities of the Phoenicians spurred the
interest of the Cypriots who had already
established and strengthen their kingdoms.
They turned their attention to commerce with the
help of a strong fleet which gave them dominance
over the sea for some 33 years, 742-709 B.C.
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Over the same period they renewed relations with
the Hellenic world, and particularly with the islands
and collaborated in establishing new
colonies in Asia Minor and in Syria.
The large quantities of Cycladic pottery in the 8th
century B.C. which were discovered in Cyprus in
graves, testify the tightening of relations.
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Under Emperor Constantine the Great, Cyprus was
administratively placed under the Eastern
Administration with Antiochia as the capital.
The patriarchs of Antiochia demanded that the
church of Cyprus should also come under them.
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They based their demand on the governor of
Cyprus, who was appointed by the Count of
Antiochia, as well as on a forged canon of the First
Ecumenical Synod of Nicaea which stated that the
patriarch of Antiochia had the right to nominate
the archbishop of Cyprus.
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The Antiochia’s demands were presented to Pope
Innocent the first.
The Bishops of Cyprus defied an order from the
Pope to comply.
They repeated their refusal in 431 A.D., when they
ignored instructions from the Count of Antiochia
Flavius Dionysus and elected Reginus to replace
the bishop of Constantia Theodoros, and thus
rejected any intervention from the Patriarch of
Antiochia.
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On his election, Reginus,accompanied by three
other Bishops proceeded to Ephesus where the
Third Ecumenical Synod was meeting, and managed
to gain approval of the famous Eight Canon of
Ephesus, which gave recognition to
the autocephalus character of the Church of Cyprus.
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Even after this ruling, those in Antiochia, acting on
the basis of some vague wording of the 8th canon,
continued to promote their demands.
While this was going on, Bishop Anthemios of
Constantia saw a vision of Saint Barnabas, who
pointed out to
him the place of his burial.
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He found the place with the saint’s remains and the
hand-written Gospel by Matthew on his chest, as it
was placed there by Mark the Evangelist.
This discovery left no doubt that the Church of
Cyprus was indeed an Apostolic Church and that as
such, it had every right to be recognized as
autocephalus.
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Anthemios took the saint’s remains and the Gospel
and went to Constantinople.
He requested that Emperor Zenon should put an
end to the dispute with Antioch.
 Zenon called a special session of the synod in
Constantinople in 448 A.D., which, without having
any doubt, ratified the 8th canon of
Ephesus, closing the affair once and for all.
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Before leaving Constantinople, Anthemios
presented the Gospel to the Emperor and it was
placed within the chapel of Saint Stephen, which
was in the Royal Palace.
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The Emperor granted the following privileges to
Anthemios and his successors:
to sign in red ink like the emperors
to carry a royal scepter instead of the customary
Pastoral Staff
to wear a red cloak.
These privileges are enjoyed by the
archbishops of Cyprus up to date.
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During this period Cyprus was truly ravaged and
destroyed by Saracens.
The people had to abandon the island and were
seeking shelter elsewhere.
The first raid is mentioned in 632 A.D., when Abu
Bekr, plundered the island in a raid of piracy.
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Muawiyah, the Emir of Syria, raided the island with
a fleet of 700 ships.
With this powerful army he captured Cyprus
ransacking it of all treasure, and put the
inhabitants to the sword.
Six years later, in 653 A.D. he once again raided
the island, which he captured and destroyed.
On leaving the island he left an army of 12
thousand men behind.
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Saracen raids against the island were repeated in
744 A.D. under Walid the 2nd , and again in 806
A.D. under Caliph Harun al Rashid.
After ransacking the island they burnt all the
churches.
He also took sixteen thousand prisoners with him
whom he sold as slaves in Syria.
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From 960 A.D. Emperor Romanos the Second put
into effect the so-called extermination.
He was assisted by General Nikiforos Fokas.
Nikiforos Fokas focused his attention on the Arabs
in Asia Minor.
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He fought them even after he became Emperor of
Byzantium in 963 A.D., and their defeat and the
cleansing of Asia Minor was completed by 965 A.D.
Then he landed in Cyprus, liberating the island
from Saracen influence once and for all.
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Alexios Komnenos fortified Cyprus and built
castles.
Justinian introduced the silk worm cultivation
in Cyprus.
Nikiforos Fokas put an end to the Arab raids.
Constantine the Gladiator, the husband of
emperor Zoe, suppressed Rapsommatis
revolt.
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While sailing from Messina to the Holy Land, for his
Crusade, in order to liberate the Holy Land, the
Lionheart of England came up against a storm and
his ships were scattered.
Only one of them managed to reach port and found
refuge in Limassol.
On board were Berengaria and Joanna of Sicily,
the Lioheart’s sister.
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Isaakios pledged not to allow any Crusader ships to
resupply on the island.
The attempt of Isaakios to capture Berengaria and
Joanna, failed.
Lionheart had collected his fleets and landed in
Limassol.
It was agreed that Richard would leave Cyprus,
while Isaakios would stop operations against the
Latins allowing the resupply of their ships and help
the third Crusade by offering 200 men.
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Isaakios reneged on the agreement.
The clash of the two armies took place near
Trimithounda and Richard was victorious.
He easily captured all the forts and became master
of Cyprus.
Isaakios himself was taken prisoner.
The crusaders used the island as a supply base for
their operations.
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The Templars were a religious order formed in
1181 A.D. and joined the Crusades.
They were only interested in enriching their own
coffers and enforced the island very heavy taxes.
The people of Nicosia made a revolt forcing the 117
Knights to lock themselves up in the city’s fort.
The Knights armed themselves and charged out the
fort wanting to die as knights.
 The local garrison and rebels were caught napping
and the knights massacred them.
 This massacre was extended to surrounding
villages, forcing a great number of people to seek
refuge in the mountains.
 The knights sold Cyprus to Guy de Lusignan who
had formed an alliance with Richard.
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When the island was handed over in 1192 A.D., the
Frankish domination of the island was formed.
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Richard the Lionheart introduced the Feudal system
in Cyprus.
The Feudal system was organized by Guy de
Lusignan.
He divided the fiefdoms into two categories:
Those with an annual income of 400 Byzants,
which he divided among his senior knights, who
were obliged to follow him in war;
To those with an annual income of 300 Byzants
which were divided among the nobles and people
of lower rank.
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Fiefs could not be expropriated and were passed
on only to legal heirs or through marriage.
If the owner died without heirs then the fief went
back to the king.
If Cypriots left the island, then their land went to
the king who organized new fiefdoms.
The church fiefs were formed after church property
was taken over.
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The Latin Church in Cyprus was set up in Cyprus
At Aimery’s request, Pope Celestinus the Third did
issue a papal Bull on 20th February 1196 thus
established a Latin Archbishop of Cyprus in
Nicosia.
He was to be assisted by three Bishops appointed
for Paphos, Limassol, and Famagusta.
It also established the Dekati, a special tax on
produce, under which one tenth of produce was
paid as a tax.
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The Cadi
Responsibility for matters of religion and justice
were concentrated in one official, the Mullah as he
was first called, or the Cadi as he came to be
known later.
The Cadi of Nicosia was the senior one and he was
the keeper and defender of the faith as well as
judge of personal nature, loans, title deeds for
property and so on.
The operation of justice was based on the Koran
which was law to them.
The English with a successful diplomatic activity
received the occupation of Cyprus. Under a
promise that England would support Turkish
interests at Berlin, and an obligation
undertaken for English help to Turkey if it was
again attacked by Russia, a secret accord was
signed giving Cyprus to them, to be used as a
British base against Russian expansionist
plans.
This
secret
agreement
was
supplemented by a second agreement on 1st
July which regulated the details of the first
accord.
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On 12th July 1878 a squadron of the British navy,
under Admiral John Hay, arrived off Larnaka. It was
only then that the other powers were informed
about the secret agreement, while they were
meeting in Berlin.
It was by then too late for any reaction since the
ceding of the island was undertaken voluntarily by
Turkey in order to seal the agreement.
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On the day after Hay’s arrival in Larnaka, the final
treaty between Russia and Turkey was signed in
Berlin and the other powers were in no position but
to accept transfer of the administration to England
as a fait accomplish on 13th July 1878.
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Illiberal measures adopted after 1931 movement.
Teaching Greek history and Geography was
prohibited in elementary schools. Also, the display
of pictures of the heroes of the Greek revolution,
and the use of the Greek national anthem and the
Greek flag.
This aimed at eradication of anything which
connected Cypriot Hellenism with Greece.
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From 1878 until 1907 British paid 93 thousand
pounds to Turkey.
In 1914, when Turkey joined Germany in the First
World War against British, the island was declared a
British possession and all obligations towards
Turkey ceased.
This led the Greeks to launch a strong campaign
for ‘Enosis’.
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The British, in their efforts to stop this desire for
Enosis, they used suppressive measures.
On 10th March 1925 Cyprus was declared a Crown
Colony, and remained as such until the end of the
British occupation, in 1960.
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Illiberal measures against education became truly
oppressive during the EOKA struggle of 1955-59.
The reason was that schools had a lively presence
in that struggle during which both the teachers and
students gave their lives.
A number of teachers, who according to the
Inspector of Education were conducting a national
policy, were not allowed to teach.
Elementary schools that flew the Greek flag were
closed for as long as they exhibited the Greek flag.
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On 21 October 1931, and under the leadership of Bishop
Mylonas at Kition, the Greek members of the House resigned
en-masse, and with flaming speeches they called upon the
people to rise up the passive resistance.
Police interfered and Onoufrios Clerides died when he was hit
by a bullet. The crown then marched to Government House
which they burnt.
The British adopted harsher measures.
The voice of Enosis was silenced under these measures and
was only to be heard in secret in the secondary schools.
The Greek people expressed their support in many different
ways. They formed the Central Committee for the Cypriot
struggle by world prominent personalities, and kept the
movement alive in Greece.
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A proclamation from the National Organization
for Cypriot Struggle, EOKA, over the signature
of the ‘‘Leader Dhigenis’’, warned the people
that the struggle would be armed and called for
the people’s collaboration.
Rewards reaching up to five thousand pounds
for EOKA’s deputy chief and 10 thousand
pounds for Grivas Dhigenis were posted.
Personal detention law enacted on 15 July
1955. This gave the right to the government to
declare anyone as a terrorist and put him in
prison without a trial.
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The delegations arrived in London after many
meetings and expressive pressures upon
Archbishop Makarios from both the British and the
Greek sides, forced him to sign the ratification of
the Zurich agreements on 19 February 1959. The
representative of the Turkish Cypriots, Dr. Fazil
Kuchuk also ratified the accord.
Hostilities officially ended.
Britain maintained the right to keep military bases
on the island.
Under agreements the President should be always
Greek and the Vice President Turkish.
The Turkish were given three of the ten Ministries.
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A treaty of Guarantee was signed between Britain,
Greece and Turkey, in order to guarantee for the
independence and integrity of the Republic of
Cyprus.
The treaty was an integral part of the Zurich and
London agreements.
Under this treaty the three powers have the right to
intervene, either jointly, or each one separately to
remove any danger to the independence and
integrity of Cyprus.
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It was agreed that a Greek force (EL.DY.K) of
1200 men and a Turkish force (TUR.DY.K) of
800 men would be stationed on the island.
Makarios considered that foreign powers
were given the right to interfere with Cyprus
domestic and other affairs, an independent
and sovereign state in violation to the basic
principles of the UN Constitutional Charter.
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On 13 December 1959 Archbishop and Ethnarch
Makarios was elected as the first President of
Cyprus and Dr. Fazil Kuchuk was elected as the
Vice President.
Cyprus found itself among the independent states
on 16 August 1960.
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Military government (the Junta) of Greece (21 April,
1967).
The Junta wanted to neutralize President Makarios
and wipe him out.
George Grivas arrived on the island under the
initiative of the Junta and set up EOKA B.
The aim of EOKA B was the union of Cyprus with
Greece.
It divided Cypriot Hellenism.
15 July 1974 coup against Cyprus.
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The invasion took place on 20 July from a beach,
West of Kyrenia.
After a severe bombing by air and shelling from the
sea, Turkish troops landed, while at the same time
hundreds of Turkish paratroopers landed in order
to capture the camp of the Greek army forces and
Nicosia airport.
They failed in both.
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Despite the criminal unpreparedness of defences,
the resistance of the defenders of Cyprus was such,
that even three days after the invasion the Turks
were not able to establish a bridgehead on the
beach.
After hostilities, they moved in violation of the
cease fire towards Kyrenia, which they found
undefended and occupied it and moved further
East to the Pakhyammos locality.
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The invasion of Cyprus also ended the Greek
Junta which was forced to give in to a civilian
government with Constantinos Karamanlis as
Prime Minister.
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Karamanlis responded to resolution 353 of
20 July under which the Security Council
called on Greece, Turkey and Great Britain, in
their capacity as guarantor powers, to
negotiate, and he accepted such negotiation.
It was agreed that the talks should be
expanded with the participation of the two
communities with observers from Russia and
the United States.
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The second round of talks was held in Vienna
on 11 August.
The demands of the Turks were lacking in
logic and Greek Foreign Minister George
Mavros and Glafkos Clerides were forced to
withdraw.
At that time Clerides was Acting President of
the Republic of Cyprus.
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This was on 14 August, and the new and
second round of Turkish operations
commenced a few hours later.
In this new round of operations which the
Security Council tried in vain to stop, the
Turks used 40 thousand troops equipped
with modern arms and equipment, and 200
tanks under continual air cover.
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They spread destruction everywhere.
They stopped only when they achieved their goal
with the conquest of the 40% of Cyprus territory
which included the most fertile parts of the
Mesaoria and Karpass peninsula, the district of
Morphou and Lapithos, as well as most tourist
areas of the island in Kyrenia and Famagusta.
Georgiades, C. P., History of Cyprus, 2nd
Edition 1993.
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