Transcript The Rise of Medieval Europe

The Rise of Medieval Europe
Chapter 12
Oh look a castle! I
wonder why the
castle was built?
How did the rise of
Medieval (Middle
Age) Europe get its
start?
Frankish Rulers
• BY A.D. 500 Germanic invasions had all
but destroyed the Western Roman Empire.
• Much “civilized” way of life was gone.
(roads, bridges, economy, law and order,
education)
• This led to the “dark ages” which later
would be called the Middle Ages.
Merovingian Rulers
• These were the Frankish
leaders of the Germanic
tribes that settled in what
is now Western France
and Germany.
• In 481 A.D., Clovis
becomes King of the
Franks and accepts
Catholicism.
Clovis
Crimson and “Clovis,” over
and over! Ha , They should
have a song like that. It
would rock!
Charles Martel
• In 714, Martel became the
mayor of a palace.
• When Muslim forces
threatened Europe in A.D.
732, Charles led the
successful defense of Tours
in France.
• This victory won Charles
great prestige and ensured
that Christianity would
remain the dominant
religion of Europe.
Pepin the Short
• In 752, Pepin the Short, the
son of Charles Martel,
became King of the Franks.
• The Pope blessed the reign
of Pepin.
• In return, Pepin was
expected to help the pope
against his enemies.
• In 754, Pepin forced the
Lombards to withdraw from
Rome.
Pepin the Short (cont)
• In appreciation, the Pope cut his political
ties to the Byzantine Empire and looked
to the franks as his protector.
• As result, the fortunes of western Europe
and Catholicism were bound more closely
together.
Before Pepin, the pope had
political ties with the
• Byzantine Empire.
Charlemagne’s Empire
• Pepins son, Charlemagne became on of
Europe's greatest kings.
• Nearly doubled the borders of his
kingdom.
• His domain became the Frankish Empire.
• This was the first time people were ruled
by one government since the fall of Rome.
• Charlemagne started schools that helped
revive education in W. Europe.
Hello, my name is Charles. I am so
magnificent. People should call me
Charles the Magnificent (or Charlemagne
if you will)! And remember kids, it is
better to look good than to feel good! And
I look terrific!
Charlemagne
This means that the French were once
ruled as a powerful empire under
Charlemagne. This, of course, is
before they invested all their time and
energies into making cheese and wine.
By the way,does the phrase “shivering
like a French soldier,”mean anything
to you? (A joke… the French are a
actually valued ally of the United
States )
A Christian Realm
• Christmas day 800 A.D., Charlemagne was
crowned Holy Roman Emperor – protector of
the church, creating a Holy (Christian) Roman
Empire.
• He utilized Counts-officials that helped with
rule at the local level.
• Charlemagne was known to travel his empire
quite a bit.
• During this time, the Christian Roman Church
united western Europeans.
Charlemagne was also responsible
for all of the following:
• increasing scholarship and learning across
Europe.
• strengthening and enlarging the empire
• instructing counts in their duties of office.
Collapse of Charlemagne’s
Empire
• Charlemagne’s forceful
personality held his
empire together.
• Charlemagne died in
814 and his three sons
fought for power.
• In 843, the three sons
divided the Carolinian
lands among
themselves.
Invasions Decrease Unity
• Internal fighting weakened
the Carolinian Kingdoms.
• Outside invasions destroyed
the kingdoms.
• Muslims invaded southern
Italy
• The Slavs invaded from the
east and took central Europe.
• Magyars also invaded from
Eastern Europe.
Viking Invasions
• Vikings invaded Europe from
Scandinavia with ships that were driven
by oars.
• Their boats were strong enough to cross
the Atlantic, shallow enough to float
rivers, and light enough to carry across a
bridge.
• Vikings were very fierce warriors.
• In fact, to go “a-Viking” means to fight.
(Medieval Scandinavian)
Viking Invasions cont’d
• Due to constant attacks by the Vikings,
monarchs would lose central control
• Local nobles were needed to control local
defenses
• Feudalism continues to rise.
Which helped the most in making
the Vikings successful in their
invasions?
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Magyars
ships
trade
sagas
Viking Trade
• The Vikings (aka Norsemen “North
men”) were settlers and explorers that
were skilled in sailing and trading.
• The Norsemen (Norwegian) settled in
Greenland, Iceland, and even reached N.
America.
• Vikings established the Viking states of
Normandy in N.W. France
Who dares wish to smell the armpits of Olaf
of the Hill People? You might want to scrape
my armpit sweat with a knife and spread it
onto a piece of bread for a tasty snack!!!!
Yummy!!!
Viking Culture
• Vikings worshiped many deities.
• The Vikings told stories about their gods
called eddas.
• By A.D. 1000, the Vikings had converted
to Christianity.
• With this new Christian religion, the
Vikings began to record their language
with Latin letters.
The Vikings were responsible for
which of the following
• monarchs losing control.
• nobles controlling local defense.
• the new political system known as
feudalism.
A New Europe
• People of W. Europe suffered at the hands
of invading groups.
• Invasions weakened the power of the
Monarchs and trade declined.
• As a result of royal weakness, nobles took
over local defense.
• Beginning in the 900’s, a new political
and social system brought stability to W.
Europe.
Medieval Life ++
• The new political and social system that
developed in W. Europe was Feudalism.
• Feudalism is a decentralized form of
gov’t that stressed alliances between
monarchs and nobles of varying degrees
of power.
• Feudalism is based on giving land to
nobles in return for their loyalty and
military aid.
Feudal Relationships
• The relationship between military service and
land ownership characterized feudalism.
• Feudalism began with Charles Martel wanting
to develop a cavalry to defeat the Muslims.
• He would sell Fiefs or land estates (including
the peasants on the land) so soldiers could
raise horses.
• In time, nobles would assume the power of
raising armies and soldiers became knights.
The relationship between nobles
and peasants was known as
• feudalism.
Feudal Obligations
• Ties between a lord and
a vassal were done in a
ceremony known as
Homage.
• The Vassal agreed to
provide his lord a
military.
• A Vassal was a noble
who served a lord of the
next higher rank.
(Lords)
Castles for Defense
• The lack of a strong central allowed for
constant warfare
• defense was needed.
• Every noble had a castle or a fortified
manor…
• …generally built from stone, with a small
tower, and surrounded by a moat.
Life of the Nobility
• Lords, Ladies, and knights made up the
nobility of the Middle Ages.
• Within his fief (manor), a noble had all
authority.
• A lady had few if any rights and did
domestic work (cooking, cleaning,
washing).
A fief consisted of
• peasants, land, and a castle.
Entertainment
• Nobles were entertained at tournaments –
mock battles between knights.
• Nobles loved to hunt and practice the art
of archery.
Becoming a Knight
• Noble boys began training to be a knight
at age 7 (called a Page).
• At age 15, a Page became a Squire and
practiced using weapons.
• Once a squire proved himself in battle, he
was knighted.
• A knight’s code was called Chivalry.
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•
•
The behavior of knights was
governed by a code of honor
called
homage.
chivalry.
manorialism.
vassalage.
The Manorial System
• The manorial system served as a means
for agricultural production.
• A manor provided serfs (peasants) with
food, shelter and protection.
• Manors needed – Blacksmiths,
Carpenters, Cobblers, Millers
The self-sufficiency of the manor was
important during the feudal era because
• carpenters and blacksmiths could not leave
the manor without permission.
• war and invasion made trade difficult.
• heavy taxation made manufactured goods
expensive.
• few peasants were skilled as artisans.
Work on a Manor
• In return for
protection, peasants
provided services
for the lord.
• Ex: Farming and
labor
• Serfs – peasants
bound to the manor.
Those farmers who could not leave
the manor without permission
were called
•
•
•
•
vassals.
squires.
peasants.
serfs.
Increased Production
• Improvements in farming during this time
period increased production.
• Examples: better plows, crop rotation
(three field system)
The Three Field System
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
First year
Wheat
Second
year
Third year
Barley or
oats
Fallow
Barley or
Oats
Fallow
( nothing )
Wheat
Fallow
( nothing )
Wheat
Fourth
year
Fifth year
Wheat
Sixth Year
Barley or
Oats
Barley or
Oats
Fallow
Barley or
Oats
Fallow
Wheat
Increased productivity of
manorial land was due to
• harder-working peasants and more efficient
management.
• harder-working peasants and better soil.
• a new kind of plow and different breeds of
vegetables.
• a new kind of plow and a different use of
fields.
Peasant Life
• Peasant life was full of
poverty and hardship.
You know being a
serf is pretty back
• Few peasants lived past
breaking work!
the age of 40.
• In wartimes, peasants
were the hardest hit,
invading knights
Yeah, but it beats being
trampled crops and
a Gilbert Tiger. Those
burned villages causing
guys are dorks!!
famine and loss of life.
Which of the following do you
think peasants could do?
• build houses, make shoes, or make candle
• herd sheep, farm land, or work with iron.
• sew clothing, grind their own grain, or fight
in tournaments.
• make wine and beer, shear sheep, or sing.
tailor
miller
knight
Poverty, famine, disease, and
barely sufficient living conditions
characterized the lives of
•
•
•
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serfs.
all people.
ladies.
pages.
The Medieval Church ++
• The decline of Rome led the church to
assume many political and social tasks.
• It provided a central governing body
during the medieval time period.
• The patriarch of Rome became the Pope.
• (patriarch=father=“papa”=pope)
Religious Role
• The Catholic Church taught that all people are
sinners and needs God’s grace.
• The only way to receive God’s grace was
through various sacraments.
• Ex: Baptism, Communion, Marriage
• Middle age masses (church gatherings) were
said in Latin.
• Many did not speak Latin or were illiterate and
learned from paintings, statues or stained glass
windows.
Church Organization
• Church hierarchy was the same as it is
now.
• Most people only came in contact with
the priest of the local parish.
• From time to time the bishop would pay
visits to parishes in his diocese
The best word to describe the role
of the Catholic Church in the
Middle Ages is
•
•
•
•
spiritual.
central.
isolated.
ritualistic.
Monastic Life
• Monks – dressed in long robes, ate one or
two plain meals a day.
• Many monasteries had a rule of silence.
• Monastic women were/are called nuns
• Nuns came under the direction of an
Abbess
Influence of Monastics
• Monks and nuns played an
influential role in medieval
intellectual life.
• Monasteries and convents
provided schools, hospitals, and
food for the poor.
• Some monks and nuns became
missionaries.
• Scribes practiced the art of
illumination.
Which of the following is the
best description of a monastery or
convent?
• a place where embroidered tapestries and
fine needlework hung on the walls
• a place where peasants could learn a trade
and become true Christians
• a kind of hotel or inn for missionaries and
other travelers
• a place governed by rules of silence, hard
work, and few pleasures
Missionary Efforts
• Missionaries spread Catholicism all over
Europe, England, and Ireland.
• By the mid 1000’s, most Western
Europeans were Catholic.
Power of the Church
• Medieval Catholic Church helped govern
Western Europe.
• The church had its own laws and courts.
Ex: Marriages, divorce.
• The church also had feudal ties, boosting
its wealth.
• Many high ranking church officials were
nobles
Power of the Church (cont)
• Nobles began using their influence to
receive high ranking church positions
with little devotion.
Which of the following most led
to corruption in the medieval
Church?
• an increase in women working and active in
church life
• poorly educated priests and illiterate
congregations
• the Albigensians, who believed the world was evil
• nobles who appointed their own relatives, who had
little devotion to their religious duties
Church Reform
• By the 900’s, many wanted to reform
practices within the catholic church.
• Many wanted to take control of the
church out the hands of Feudal Lords.
• In 1073, Pope Gregory III criticized lay
investiture, the giving of church offices.
Fighting Heresy
• Heresy = The denial of basic church
teachings.
• At first the church tried to convert
heretics but failed.
• Excommunication was the punishment for
heretics.
The denial of basic church
teachings is called
•
•
•
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lay investiture.
heresy.
excommunication.
the Inquisition.
The Inquisition
• This was a court set up to punish heretics,
those brought before the court were urged
to confess their heresy.
• Often the courts accused people with out
sufficient proof.
• The church welcomed those back who
confessed.
• Punishment ranged from imprisonment to
loss of property to death.
Friars Inspire Reform
• Friars were wandering preachers.
• At the time, church leaders were
criticized for their wealth, friars depended
on gifts and handouts to survive.
• The best known friars were Franciscans
and Dominicans.
• Friars did not isolate themselves, rather
they would stay in town and preach
Christianity.
The Jews
• As the power of the church increased, the
position of the Jews worsened.
• Jews occupied positions as merchants,
artisans and landowners.
• At first Jews and Christians got along but
by the 1000’s Jews were viewed as
tyrants and were unfairly blamed for the
plague, famine, Jesus' death, etc.
• Anti-Semitism
Rise of European Monarchy ++
• By the A.D. 1000’s, many European
Monarchs began to build strong states.
England
• After the Romans, the British isles were
invaded by Germanic tribes, Angels,
Saxons, and Jutes.
• Alfred the Great and his unification of
Anglo-Saxons, defeated the Vikings and
changed the name to “Angleland” or
England.
The Anglo-Saxons
• Alfred the Great ruled the Anglo-Saxons
(who were from England).
The Norman Conquests
• One claimant to the Norman throne
“William the Conqueror” invaded
England from N.W. France.
• This is known as the Battle of
Hastings in 1066.
• William defeated the English ruler
and became the King of England
• With the rise of William, England’s
racial makeup becomes mixed to a
greater degree
Which of the following best
describes the people who made up
England by the year A.D. 1100?
a pure and single people, who were
unmistakably English
a united and patriotic people, who believed in
their kings
a mixture of people from Celtic, Germanic,
and French backgrounds
a predominantly middle-class people, who had
their own Parliament
Royal Power
• Henry II, the great-grandson of William the
Conqueror, set up a system of common law.
• Traveling judges applied laws equally
throughout the land.
• This began a tradition of precedent (laws
based on preceding judgments) in western law
Domesday Book
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(add info)
The first census in Western Europe
Why?
To determine taxable wealth
All people, property, and animals were
recorded.
• NOT Doomsday Book
The contents of the Domesday
Book detailed the
•
•
•
•
end of the world.
history of England.
English political system.
people, property, and animals in England.
The Magna Charta
• Signed in 1215, by King John.
• This is one of the most
important documents in
representative government.
• The Magna Charta places clear
limits on Royal Power.
• The charter prevented the king
from collecting without the
consent of the Great Council.
Primarily intended to protect feudal
rights, the Magna Charta eventually
• gave the king freedom to tax nobles without
their consent.
• eliminated the power of the monarchy.
• guaranteed the rights of all English people.
• placed all governing authority with the
House of Commons.
Rise of Parliament
• During the reign of King John, an increase in
population encouraged the growth of towns.
• A growing middle class did not fit in with the
existing social order.
• In 1295, a model parliament was called into session.
• By 1400, Parliament had divided into two houses.
France
• Like England, France developed a strong
monarchy in the middle ages.
Beginnings of Central Government
• After Charlemagne’s death, Frankish lands
disintegrated into separate territories ruled by
feudal lords.
• The monarchy brought feudal lords under their
control
• As in England, the number of towns increased
during the 1100’s.
Strengthening the Monarchy
• In 1180, Philip Augustus came to French
throne.
• During his reign, Philip Augustus doubled
the area of the French kingdom.
• Philips strengthened the power of the
monarchy and weakened the power of
feudal lords.
• He did this by gaining territory through
marriage and recapturing French lands from
England.
The French king who strengthened
the monarchy during the period
A.D. 1180 to A.D. 1223 was
•
•
•
•
Louis IX.
Louis VI.
Philip Augustus.
Otto the Great.
Holy Roman Empire
• After Charlemagne’s death, the Holy Roman
Empire was ruled by a series of weak kings.
• In 962, Pope John XII crowned Otto I of
Germany Holy Roman Emperor.
• The Holy Empire would exist along of the
Monarchy of England and France
Medieval Europe at its Height
Chapter 13
The Crusades
The Crusades
• Life in the early Middle Ages was
characterized by decentralized gov’t,
warfare, cultural isolation, famine, and
wretched living conditions.
• By 1100 A.D. Some conditions in Europe
had improved.
• The transformation of medieval society
began with a holy war over the city of
Jerusalem.
Call for a Crusade
• The city of
Jerusalem was a
holy city for three • First Crusade
religions.
• Second Crusade
• When Jerusalem
• Third Crusade
and Palestine fell to
the Arabs in the
600’s A.D.,
Christians began a
quest to get it back.
• The First Crusade
marked the onset of a
long period of
Christian persecution
of Jews.
• Three armies of
crusaders knights
traveled to the eastern
Mediterranean.
• Very successful
First Crusade
• The Second
Crusade,
launched in 1147
A.D. after the
Seljuk Turks
conquered part of
the crusader state
in Palestine
• was
unsuccessful.
Second Crusade
Third Crusade
• The Third
Crusade was
launched by the
kings of
Germany, France,
and England.
• The Third
Crusade was also
unsuccessful
Effects of the Crusades
• Although western Europeans failed to
gain control of Palestine, the Crusades
helped break down feudalism and
increase the authority of Kings.
• The Crusades led to less isolation for W.
Europe, more contact between Europe
and the Muslims, and increased demand
for luxury goods.
Economic and Cultural Revival
• The crusades accelerated the
transformation of Western Europe from
backward, crude, and violent to a
civilization that exhibited remnants of
modern western civilization.
• Expanding opportunities in trade
encouraged the growth of towns.
• A lively atmosphere stimulated
innovation and thought.
Economic Expansion
• During this period many advances were
made in agriculture.
• Better and more efficient tools were
used, speeding up the production of
agricultural goods.
• The increase in agricultural production
caused expansion in new trade and
growth of towns.goods such as
spices,silk and silver were more
abundant due to increased trade.
Agricultural Advances
• The invention of heavier plows made
farming more efficient.
• New plows made it easier to clear land for
farming.
• New collar harness allowed horses to pull
plows at a faster pace
Expansion of Trade
• Revival of towns increased trade.
• Sea lanes and river routes increased trade.
• Italian towns of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa
controlled Mediterranean trade
Banking
• At first, the barter system was used for trade.
• Some luxury goods could only be bought with
money, so a common medium of exchange
was needed.
• With the rise of money, money changers
(banks) were needed.
The Growth of Towns
• The number of towns grew tremendously
in the late middle ages.
• Many towns grew next to roads, and had
a wall for protection.
• Medieval towns had no sanitation,
causing diseases to spread.
Craft Guilds (Unions)
• These unions regulated the work of its
members.
• In the 1100’s, merchants and artisans
organized into unions called guilds
Rise of the Middle Class
• Medieval towns created a new class of
people.
• Bourgeoisie: middle class made up of
merchants, bankers, and artisans who
didn’t have to rely on land for income
Education
• During the early middle ages most people
were illiterate.
• Education was controlled by the clergy, most
of the educated were preparing for a church
position.
• The growth of towns called for more
education
Universities
• By the 1200’s universities had spread
through Europe.
• Universities usually specialized in law,
medicine, liberal arts, and theology.
New Learning
• European contact with Islamic scientific
thought sparked an interest in the physical
world that eventually led to the rise of
western science.
• A.D. 1200’s, Thomas Aquinas wrote
Summa Theologica which provided
answers to philosophical religious
questions.
• The Catholic Church would accept this
way of thinking
Thomas
Aquinas
Medieval Art and Literature
• The spread of universities
stimulated peoples in interest
in art and literature.
• A medieval romance could
be described as a story about
knights and ladies.
• Buildings that had large,
heavy arches were called
Romanesque.
The Hundred Years’ War
• This was a series of conflicts between
England and France over French lands.
• War began when England’s Edward III
laid claim to the French throne.
• One of the last victories for the English
and a low point for the French was the
Battle of Agincourt.
• England wanted to keep French lands
inherited from the Normans
Major Battles
• At first the English were victorious at
Crecy and again Agincourt.
Joan of Arc
• The French were at a low point when a
young woman brought about change.
• She told the King that heavenly voices
had called her to save France.
• With the kings support she inspired
victory at Orleans.
• Unfortunately, Joan was captured and
burned at the stake for witchcraft by the
English.
France
• During the 1400’s, France’s monarchy
gained prestige.
• Monarchs kept nobles under royal
control.
• Promoted trade and agriculture.
Spain
• In the late 1400’s, Spain became a leading
European power.
• Christians had been fighting the
reconquest in N. Spain.
• By 1250, only Ft. Grenada in S. Spain,
remained under Muslim control.
Spain (cont)
• A.D. 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castile were married.
• The only group to survive Ferdinand and
Isabella’s rule were the Catholics.
• They wanted Spain to be Catholic.
Holy Roman Empire
• During the middle ages, H.R.E. was
Europe’s largest political unit.
• The Holy Roman Emperor was elected by
an assembly.
• Royal families governed provinces
Holy Roman Empire (cont)
• In the 1300’s the papacy came under the
influence of the French Monarchy.
• Pope Clement V, then moved the papal
court from Rome to Avignon France.
• The pope did this because of wars that
were going on Italy.
Eastern Europe
• The Middle Ages saw kingdoms rise in E.
Europe.
• The most well known are Poland and
Hungary.
War of the Roses
• During the Hundred years’ War.
• The house of Lancaster would win this
war because of the defeat of Richard III.
The Troubled Church
• During the Middle Ages the church’s
authority and power gradually weakened.
• The church’s authority weakened because
of powerful monarchs, a growing
educated Middle Class, and simony.