Transcript Middle Ages
Middle Ages 400 - 1300 New Germanic Kingdoms • By 500 AD, the Western Roman Empire was replaced by a number of Germanic tribes • Recognize any of these names? • Roman power in each region becomes less – most notably in Britain where the Romans totally abandoned (who takes it over?) Dark Ages? • Not a whole lot recorded during the early part of the “middle age” • One very valuable source is Gregory of Tours • G of T gives us insight otherwise not available Why so little from the early parts of the middle ages? The Franks • Frankish Kingdom established by Clovis (510 AD) • Strong military ruler • Conversion and spread of power (and church’s desire to have friends) Badassium Germans and Romans sitting in a tree • Over time Romans and Germans marry and have families • This impacts the development of Europe • Romans saw crime as an offence against the state (courts would hear defence) • Germans saw crimes as personal (families sought justice) • Compromise – wergild (money for a man) Church Power • With the Roman’s gone, the Church takes over Gregory I • Gregory the Great • Expanded the Church’s influence (590-604) • Wrote more than any previous pope • Came from a monastic background Insert Benedictine Monasteries Benedictine Monasteries • • • • • • Benedict wrote a set of rules for monks to follow: Idleness was “the enemy of the soul.” Physical work was required of all monks for several hours day. Benedictine life was communal Abbots “father” had control over a monastery Monks were the social workers of the community – (hospital, education, hospitality to travellers, etc ...) St. Benedict Abby, Quebec King Charlemagne • Pépin – famous Frankish king who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours (732). Croissant anyone? • 768 – his son becomes new King. Who was this guy? Charles the Man Charles the Administrator Charles the Conqueror Charles the Patron of Learning Athletic and well spoken Delegated authority to Was an aggressive the nobles warrior Revived classical studies Married 4 times Retained local laws of conquered areas Strengthened the Frankish military Preserved Latin culture Understood Greek and Latin Divided Kingdom into districts Expanded the Frankish kingdom Established monastic and palace schools Let an empire to his sole surviving son Used missi dominici to inspect provinces Carolingian Empire • Charlemagne’s Kingdom became known as the Carolingian Empire. • Took title of Roman Emperor in 800 AD • Most ancient Roman works that we have today exist because they were copied by Carolingian monks. • Upon his death, his 3 sons divided the Kingdom Invaders • After Charlemagne’s death, the Kingdoms started to implode. • Then came waves of invasions Muslims hit the southern coasts and Magyars settled in Hungary Norsemen (Vikings) posed the most threat – loved adventure, vicious fighters, and really good boats. They sailed along European rivers sacking villages. So, they were given a patch of land (Normandy) converted to Christianity, and made a part of European civilization. Safety First • All of these invasions made it difficult for rulers to defend their subjects. • So the people began turning towards aristocrats or nobles for defence ... and this was called.... Feudalism • Warriors swore an oath of loyalty to their leaders and fought battles for them • In turn, leaders took care of warrior’s needs • A man who served a lord was a vassal The Black Knight Knights • Great social prestige and formed the backbone of the European aristocracy • Expensive to have a horse, armour and weapons • Took time to practice and use instruments with skill • Payment for vassals was most often in land (why?) Knight Fight Feudal terms to know • Fief (FEEF) • Serfs • Feudal Contract (this is a cool one) Chivalry • Chivalry existed – but not quite the romantic notion we affiliate it with today • Bards are largely responsible for the romance • Courtly love – existed in southern France, but that’s it 4 Periods of Chivalry: 1) Crusades – pledge to holy task 2) Aftermath of Crusades – Knights templar and oaths 3) Hundred Years War – honour in battle & love of women 4) 1400s – ceremonies in royal courts Medieval Castles Edinburgh Castle Europe, 1160 Czech in the Middle Ages Prague Prague Castle (8oo’s) – centre of Bohemia Cesky Krumlov England in the Middle Ages • 1066 – William of Normandy (aka William the Conqueror) landed in England and defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. • Normans spoke French, but the blend of AngloSaxony marriages gradually transitioned into new English language Tower of London Henry II • Expanded power of the monarchy 1154-1189 • Took property cases from local courts to the royal courts (introduced Common Law – the same courts throughout the kingdom) • Thomas Becket was a pain for Thomas. Claimed only the Church could try clerics “Who will free me of this priest?” Big Changes • 1215, King John was forced by nobles to sign limitation to his power Magna Carta Edward I introduced representative government – the English Parliament Nobles and Church formed the House of Lords Knights and townspeople formed the House of Commons France in the Middle Ages • Royalty in France had little power until the reign of Philip II Augustus (1180-1223 AD) • Fought the English and took Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Aquitaine France in the Middle Ages • 13th century dominated by Louis IX (actual history clip here) • Deeply religious • Heard complaints of people in person • Increased wealth Italy in the Middle Ages • Ruled by Otto I (German Dude) who protected the Church (thus Italy) • Frederick I and Fred II take over and try to build a new Kingdom • Pope opposed him (feared that Otto would take over Rome and the Papal States) • Italy doesn’t unify until mid 1800s • A little Venice anyone? Venice • Doges of Venice were elected for life by the city-state's aristocracy • Commonly the man selected as Doge was the shrewdest elder in the city Bridge of Sighs Let’s link Medieval Europe to the Middle East The Crusades Early Crusades Later Crusades