Transcript Chapter 8- High and Late Middle Ages

Chapter 8- High & Late Middle Ages
Chapter 8- High & Late Middle Ages
8.1- Royal Power Grows
8.2 The Holy Roman Empire & The Church
8.3 The Crusades and the Wider World
8.4 Learning and Culture Flourish
8.5- A Time of Crisis
8.1- Royal Power Grows
8.1- Royal Power Grows
During the High Middle Ages power
in European society shifted to
Monarchs- from the Church and
nobles
– Competed with the Church for
power.
Organized governments, tax
systems, and armies
Strengthened ties with townspeople:
– Could offer peace and prosperity
that was needed for trade
8.1- Royal Power Grows
English Monarchs (Kings)
– England invaded by
Angles, Saxons, Vikings
Forced unification of
Kingdom
William the Conqueror– Takes over England
– After King Edward dies in
1066, without an heir
8.1- Royal Power Grows
William of Normandy
– Won Battle of Hastings to gain control
England (Saxons) 1066- Named King
– “The Conqueror”
– Gradual blending of Norman French and
Anglo-Saxon culture
– Supported by Roman Catholic Church
William grants fiefs to the Church and his
barons (lords), but kept a lot of the land for
himself
He required vassal to first swear
allegiance to him than to any lord
A census was taken, the Domesday Book,
that include all property in his lands
Helped him to have an accurate tax
system
8.1- Royal Power Grows
King Henry II
– Inherits the throne
– Broadened the justice system by
accepting customs into law
Creates common law
– Based on court rulings
(precedence) and traditions
– Applied to all of England
Developed idea of Jury under Henry
8.1- Royal Power Grows
King Henry faced
opposition from the Church
– Argued with Thomas
Becket, over expanding
royal power- trying clergy
in royal court
– Four of Henry’s knight’s
killed Beckett (Martyr)
– Henry eases tensions
with the Church
King John
– Son of Henry II
Weak ruler, cruel and untrustworthy
Lost lands in France to King Phillip
Was excommunicated by Pope
Innocent III
England placed under interdict
Had to pay an annual fee to Rome
Angered nobles
– Oppressive taxes and abuses of power
– Nobles rebelled
Forced to sign:
– The Magna Carta
8.1- Royal Power Grows
Magna Carta 1215:
– The Great Charter
– Limited Royal Power
– Gave the nobles rights
– Monarch is not above the
law- RULE OF LAW
– Foundation of US Constitution
8.1- Royal Power Grows
Key Points VERY IMPORTANT
Due Process of Law (5TH AMENDMENT)
– Right to fair trial
– Legal procedures followed
Habeas Corpus
– (Without Corpse)
– No False imprisonment
– Charge needed if held
8.1- Royal Power Grows
Parliament
English Legislative Body
FURTHER LIMITS THE POWER
OF THE MONARCH
Bi- Cameral
House of Lords- Nobles & High
Clergy (Birth)
House of Commons- Knights
and Middle Class (Vote)
– Added by King Edward*
House of Lords
House of Commons
French Monarchs
Territories mainly ruled by powerful nobles
Hugh Capet and his heirs slowly increased
the monarchies power
Made thrown hereditary
Played rival nobles against each otheradding to their lands
Established order- bureaucracy- gained
backing of new middle class
Phillip II paid middle- class officials to run
government, instead of nobles
Quadrupled royal holdings
Louis IX
– Persecuted heretics, Jews, and led knights in
the Crusades
– Helped to centralize government
Phillip IV
– Tried to raise taxes on the clergy
– French rulers eventually exercised more
power over the clergy
– The Church splits
– Estates General established- representative
body- no power to tax (power of the purse)
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
By the late 1000’s rulers and Church officials
were battling for power
Popes battled against the Holy Roman Empire
– HRE: Included Germany and parts of Italy
HRE- tried to take full control of Italy (Papal)
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Rulers of the Empire were called:
Holy- They were crowned by the pope
Roman- Saw themselves as heirs to Rome
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Problem in the HRE:
Emperors struggled to control their vassals
– Nobles and church officials
Feuded with popes over who should be church
officials
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Pope vs. Emperor:
Gregory VII- Pope (Italy)
Henry IV- Holy Roman Emperor
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Pope (Gregory)wanted no secular rulers
within the Church:
Lead to the banning of
Lay Investiture:
– Lay- not clergy*
– Only popes could appoint
bishops, not Kings or
nobles
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Henry rebels against the
ban- he gave them lands,
he was their overlord
Each man suffers losses– Henry excommunicated
– Asks for forgiveness
from Pope
– Returns to GermanyDeals with rebellious
nobles
– Leads army to Rome
*Forcing Gregory into
exile
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Popes and Emperors would
continue battling over this
until:
– The Concordat of Worms
– The Church had sole power to
elect bishops and invest
bishops with spiritual authority
– Kings the right to give fiefs
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
Even after Investiture
struggles persisted
HRE looked to expand
further towards Italy
Frederick Barbarosa:
– Red Beard
– Unable to conquer
Italy
– People of Italy join
forces with Pope,
defeat him
8.2- The Holy Roman Empire and The Church
HRE was unable to capture
Italy Also unable to take
power from popes
Popes would claim
supremacy over secular
rulers- like deposing them
Innocent III:
– Expands Papal
Supremacy
– Church Power Continues
to Grow
– Defeated secular rulers
Launched a holy war against heretics in
France- Albigebsian Crusade- thousands
slaughtered
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Overview:
1096- Crusades Begin- Series of Holy Wars
Christians vs. Muslims over land in the Middle
East
Lead to drastic changes in European World
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
World in 1050Europe was emerging from Isolation
Islam was spreading Spain to India
Muslim traders spread goods even further
Cities thrived in India (Buddhism and Hinduism)
China’s ruling families thrived
Soninke people were building a trading empire
in Ghana in West Africa
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
The Byzantine Empire:
– Former Eastern Roman
Empire
– Turks had invaded most of the
land and converted to Islam
1071- Lost Holy Land
– Jerusalem- Jesus Lived
– Taken by Turks, threatened
what was left of the Empire
Prevented Pilgrims
(Christians) from entering
Holy land
Byzantines seek western Rome's help:
Byzantines need help (Emperor)
Call on Urban II (Pope):
- Asks him for Christian soldiers
-”Crusaders”
Council of Clermont (1095)
– Agrees to send Knights
– Crusades to take back Holy Land
Lead to Crusades (Four)
– Lasted 200 years
– Led to fight not only for religion, but also
the lure of riches
– Hoped Christians would fight Muslims
and stop fighting each other
First Crusade: only one close to
achieving the goal of freeing
the Holy Land
Christian Knights:
– Capture Jerusalem in 1099
– Bloody battles
– Massacre Muslims and Jews
– Set up Crusader States
Territories controlled by
Christians
Muslims continually try to
destroy these states
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Second Crusade
Unable to take Muslim Lands:
– Lose Jerusalem
Defeated by Saladin
– Great Muslim Ruler
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Third Crusade:
Once again unable to
conquer Muslim lands
or retake Jerusalem
Saladin:
- reopens Jerusalem to
Christian Pilgrims
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Fourth Crusade:
Very sloppy
Christians vs.
Christians
Looted and
Captured:
– Constantinople
Muslims recapture
all crusader states
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Impact of Crusades: over 200 year
span
Religious Hatred
–Thousands of Jews massacred by
crusaders in Europe
Europe's Economy Increased
Monarch and Church Power Grows
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Religious Hatred
Crusades left a lingering hatred
Between Muslims and Christians (Distrust)
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Europe's Economy Increased
Trading Expanded
– Europeans enjoyed goods from
Constantinople and Middle East
brought back by returning
crusaders
Fleets used to carry goods
Money economy expanded
– Needed money to finance
crusades
– Peasants began to sell goods for
money, undermining serfdom
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Monarch & Church Grow:
Rulers used crusades:
increase power & raise taxes
in the name of the Crusades
Some were in CrusadesRichard- the Lion Heart of
England
Enthusiasm over Christianity
brought about new power for
popes and the Church
The Eastern Church had
resentment because of the
looting of Constantinople
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Wider World Exists:
Crusades made Europeans
realize that the world outside
of theirs was much wider
then they had ever known
Crusaders and travelers
brought back riches
Lead to trading ventures and
exploration
– Marco Polo explores
China
– Age of Exploration
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Reconquista- Reconquest
Attempt to drive Muslims (Moors)
– From Iberian Peninsula
Spain
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Ferdinand and Isabella
Marriage United Spain
Sponsored Columbus
Lead the Reconquest
8.3- The Crusades and The Wider World
Inquisition:
Tolerance had been given to many
religions in Spain by the Muslims
Isabella ended that
Inquisition- church court set up to
try people of heresy
Jews and Muslims forced to
convert, leave or be tortured
Many burned at the stake
More than 150,000 Muslims and
Jews fled
8.4- Learning and Culture Flourish
8.4- Learning and Culture Flourish
Medieval Universities emerge
Church wanted better
educated clergy
Men needed to be educated to
help run government
Schools located at Cathedrals
evolve in first Universities
*Oxford University in England
8.4- Learning and Culture Flourish
Student Life:
Tough
5 am prayer
classes until 10am
meal break
then classes until 5 PM
Expected to memorize what
they heard
8.4- Learning and Culture Flourish
Earning degrees took
anywhere from 3-6 years
The longest of studies was
Theology- religion
Women- were not allowed to
attend (Natural Talents)
Still some were educated in
convents
8.4- Learning and Culture Flourish
Christian Scholars:
– Used Scholasticism- applied
reason to support Christian
beliefs
– Thomas Aquinas- faith and
reason could exist in harmonyGod rules over an orderly Earth
Science*- made little progress, had
to fit church teachings
Literature- many writers wrote in the
Vernacular*- Everyday language
8.4- Learning and Culture Flourish
Literature:
Epics
Divine Comedy– Three Stories
– Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven
– Summarizes Christian thought of the afterlife
– Dante Alighieri
Canterbury Tales– Tale of medieval lifestyles
– Geoffrey Chaucer
8.4- Learning and Culture Flourish
Architecture:
– Gothic Style
– Buttress
– Spires
– Windows were tall
– Replaced Old Dark Buildings
8.5- A Time of Crisis
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Major Problems of the High Middle Ages
The Black Death
Church Upheaval
Hundred Years War
8.5- A Time of Crisis
The Black DeathMedieval cities were
susceptible to
disease and infection
Close quarters
Filthy living
conditions
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Leads to:
The Black Death:
Bubonic Plague
Spread by rats and
fleas
Massive epidemicwidespread disease
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Black Death:
Genoese trading
ships dock in Sicily
Trading ships
infested rats
(infected by fleas)
Rats move
throughout Medieval
cities
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Symptoms:
Egg sized lumps
Fever
Vomiting
Black spots
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Black Death quickly spreads:
From Asia to Africa to Europe
Most likely originated in Asia
1/3 of the population dies (25,000,000)
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Effects of the Black Death:
Production declines
– Increased wages
– peasants move to cities,
no land to raise crops
from landowners
Economy falters
Inflation - rapid rise in prices
Normal life breaks down
– People flee, Christians
blame Jews
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Upheaval in the Church:
Plague- effects the Church
– Question God
Division in the Church
Church moves to Avignon
People lash out against the worldly
papacy- decline in power
Anticlerical sentiment grows
Furthered the Great Schism*Schism- split- ends in 1417
Martin V Returns papacy to Rome
The Great Schism
Empire (Rome) was divided East vs. West
– Originally divided by Diocletian
– Divide furthered during the fall of Rome
– Great Schism Occurs:
– Argument over the use of Icons in service
– East outlawed/ banned Icons
– West condemned the East for banning
– Became rivals- although the same faith
– Leaders excommunicate each other
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
Western Empire
– Roman Catholic Church
– Spoke Latin
– Headed by Pope (Rome)
– Priest, Popes, and Bishops could not have wives
Eastern Empire (Become Byzantine)
– Eastern (Greek) Orthodox
– Greek
– Headed by Patriarch (Constantinople)
– Clergy could marry
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Jean WycliffeOxford Professor
Attacked Church
Corruption
“ Bible is the source of
truth” not the Church
Begin to translate the
Bible into English
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Jan HusLead reforms
Followers called Hussites
Persecuted by Church
and burned at the stake
8.5- A Time of Crisis
The Hundred Years War:
1337- 1453
England v. France
Battle for Territory
– English Channel
– English Kings laid
claim to French throne
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Hundred Years War:
England has early
victories:
Superior weaponry:
– Crossbow
– Longbow- greater range,
rapid fire
Could fight from distance
8.5- A Time of Crisis
French turn the Tide:
Joan of Arc- said God sent her to save
France
17 year old peasant
Rallies French troops
Assists in the crowning of King Charles VII
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Joan of Arc:
Claimed to hear
voices
–Called a heretic
–Condemned for
witchcraft by the
English
–Burned at the
stake
8.5- A Time of Crisis
Joan of Arc:
Death inspires
French troopsseen as a martyr
Later sainted
8.5- A Time of Crisis
French win the war:
Regain lands
– Aided by the cannon, a
powerful new weapon
French victory– Monarch expand power
– Created a feeling of
national pride
8.5- A Time of Crisis
English defeat
– Turn to overseas trading- Age of Exploration
– Power shifts to parliament- which gains the power
of the purse
– Monarchy looses power
– Leads to end of Knights and lessening of need for
Feudalism- hired soldiers instead of knights
– Castles begin to disappear, cannot withstand new
technologies