Transcript 11_Lec 9 Theo 900-13..

Ch 500 Lecture 9
Theological Developments
900 - 1303
Ann T. Orlando
22 March 2011
Lecture 9 ATO
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Introduction
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Review History 900 -1303
Monastic Revivals
New Orders
Universities
Key Figures
Artistic Movements
Readings
Lecture 9 ATO
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Four Themes in Politics
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1. European Developments
 Normans
 England
 France
 Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this
period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’
3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy
Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of
Christian pilgrimages (Crusades)
4. Eastern and Western Christianity become
increasingly at odds with each other
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Medieval Catholicism
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Importance of Incarnation; God in the world
 Importance of Jesus’ sacrifice on cross
 Mass as bloodless sacrifice
 Monastery as ‘place’ to follow in footsteps of Jesus
Importance of Mary and saints
 Part of a person’s world in ways we can hardly imagine today
 Relics
Importance of making faith visible and understandable to everyone
 Monastic Education
 Cathedrals
Society deeply tied to and dependent on the Church
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Calendar
Monastic economies
Civil administration
Example: The Medieval Catholic imagination would be especially active
when feast of Annunciation and Good Friday coincided
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Monasticism: Cluny
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Charter for Foundation of Cluny, 910
Return to Benedict’s Rule; especially reading of Divine
Office
But encouraged prayer and study over physical work
Established a series of daughter monasteries under the
direction of the abbot of Cluny
While monks were poor, monasteries became wealthy
Encouraged development of visual arts in service of
religion
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Abbot Suger (1081-1151): ‘Man rises to God through beauty’
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Monasticism: Citeaux
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Reform of Cluny: Cistercians
Founded by St. Robert Molesme at Citeaux 1098 on
Feast of St. Benedict (21 March)
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Return to strict adherence to Benedict’s Rule;
Work equal with prayer and study
Each monastery independent; that is, each had its own
abbot
More severe artistic style
Bernard of Clairvaux most famous Cistercian (10901153)
Modern day Trappists; Spencer, MA.
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Early Medieval Art, ‘Romanesque’
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Abbot Suger with
Stained Glass
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Abbey at Citeaux
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New Spiritual and Intellectual
Movements: New Orders
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Franciscans
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Founded by St. Francis
Mendicants
Woman’s order; Poor Clares
Order recognized by Pope Innocent III
Writes his own rule
Dominicans
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Founded by St. Dominic
Order of Preachers
Woman’s order founded before men’s
Order commissioned by Innocent III
Uses ‘Augustine’s’ Rule
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Medieval Education
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Monasteries
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Under authority of abbot
Scholarship, ‘libraries’
Education primarily for members of monastic community
Deeply linked to ancient monastic rules
Cathedral schools
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Under authority of bishop
Law, administration, ‘practical’ theology
Education primarily for diocesan clergy and those going
into civil administration
Becomes training ground for ‘new’ orders and new orders
dominate universities
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Universities
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Locus for learning: Universities
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Grew out of Cathedral Schools
Training of diocesan clergy and civil administrators
Displaced monasteries as centers of learning
Development of the academic professional
Most famous, Paris (Sorbonne); others include Oxford and Bologna
Very international
Universities and the Church were very ‘democratic’; any man with
ability could rise very high
Universities not independent of Church; rather universities
prestigious centers for theological research and teaching
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Aquinas and Bonaventure at Sorbonne at same time
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Key Figures
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St. Anselm, 1033 -1109; Archbishop of Canterbury
(after Norman invasion)
St. Bernard, 1090-1153, Cistercian
Peter Lombard, 1100 – 1160, Archbishop of Paris
St. Dominic, 1170-1221, Dominican
St. Francis, 1182-1226, Franciscan
St. Bonaventure, 1221-1274, Franciscan
St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, Dominican
All of these (except Francis) rely heavily on the
‘Church Fathers,’ especially Augustine, to justify
their theological investigations
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Anselm (1033 -1109)
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Archbishop of Canterbury
Fides Quaerens Intellectum (Faith seeking
understanding, which he gets from Augustine)
Ontological argument for existence of God, “that
than which no greater can be thought”
Cur Deus Homo (Why God became man)
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Advanced theory of satisfaction for Jesus’ death
Based on feudal notion of honor, justice and social status
Only God-man can satisfy the affront to God’s honor due to
original sin; as man he has the obligation to satisfy; as God
he is able to satisfy
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Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
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Established Cistercian monastery at Clairvaux
Opposed Peter Abelard (1078-1142): I must
understand in order that I might believe
Opposed Cluny-type monasticism as being too
interested in worldly beauty and pleasure
Preached the Second Crusade (1144)
Wrote very length commentary on Song of Songs in
which he refers to both Gregory of Nyssa and
Origen; highly allegorical
Special devotion to Mary
Encouraged mysticism that moved away from
physical; apophatic
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Peter Lombard (1100-1160)
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Professor of theology of Cathedral School of Notre
Dame and Archbishop of Paris
Wrote Sentences (1150) as a way to organize
teaching of the Church Fathers to explicate Catholic
teaching
Most influential text in Middle Ages
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Required that all Masters of Theology write a commentary
on Sentences
Lombard became was known as the Magister
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Sentences
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Organized in four Books
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God and the Trinity
Creation
Incarnation and Redemption
Sacraments
In 13th C Books subdivided into “distinctiones”
(breaks in reading)
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Dominic (1170-1221)
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Born in Spain; he traveled to southern France to
preach against the Albingensians
Founded a school for noble, well educated French
women converted from Albingensianism
Received permission from Innocent III to found an
order of preachers to preach Catholic orthodoxy
Rule based on Augustine’s Rule: clergy who lived
together but worked among lay people
Dominican Rule emphasized study and preaching,
based on ‘Augustine’s Rule’
Dominicans became centered in Paris and Oxford
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Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)
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Total embrace of ‘Lady Poverty’, not ‘Lady Wisdom’ as way of life
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Pilgrimage to Holy Land;
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Met the sultan
Rules for Franciscans to live in Holy Land with Muslims
Emphasis on sensual religious experience:
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Francis’ Rule emphasizes walking in poverty in the footsteps of Jesus;
mendicants; approved by Pope Innocent III
Christmas crib
Stigmata as a sign of Francis’ identification with Jesus
Deeply kataphatic mysticism
Francis was most famous man in Europe in his lifetime; his order
grew explosively
Established a Franciscan order for women with St. Clare
Even before Francis dies, control of Franciscans is given to others
Franciscans become more organized, intellectual, wealthy
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Bonaventure (1221-1274)
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Student and professor at University of Paris when
Aquinas was there
Becomes head of Franciscans shortly after Francis
Describes Franciscan way of life in philosophical
terms
Very dependent on Augustine
Itinerarium or Journey of the Mind to God
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Mimics pilgrimage itinerary
Approach God by leaving world behind
Franciscan spirituality in an apophatic key
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Thomas Aquinas
Angelic Doctor
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Developed systematic approach to theology using Aristotelian
methods (Aristotle as the Philosopher in the Summa)
Relied on newly available Greek works from Jewish and Moslem
sources; Moses Maimonides, Averrhoes
Very different from theological approach; Aristotelian rather than
neo-Platonic
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Emphasis on causes
Emphasis on categories
Needed to show that his theological conclusions were consistent
with Augustine; until he did so he was considered radical and
suspect
Two great works: Summa Theologica (theological) or Theologiae
(theology); Summa Contra Gentiles
But he also wrote beautiful songs, especially in praise of
Eucharist (one of which we sing at Benediction, and another
during Holy Thursday)
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Example: Virtue
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Reconcile two very different definitions of virtue
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Aristotle: Virtue then is a settled disposition of the mind determining the
choice of actions and emotions, consisting essentially in the
observance of the mean relative to us, this being determined by
principle, that is, as the prudent man would determine it. Nicomachean
Ethics
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But both Aristotle and Augustine start their discussion of virtue with
how man can be happy
Virtue is a balance, as determined by a prudent man
Virtues divided into intellectual and moral
Virtue can (with difficulty) be acquired through the practice of good
habits
Augustine: Virtue is a good quality of the mind, by which we live
righteously, of which no one can make bad use, which God brings
about in us, without us. On Free Will
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Virtue is a gift of God (grace)
All virtues are derived from Christian charity
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Example: Transubstantiation
ST IIIa Q75 a 1-8
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Relies on Aristotle’s The Categories
 Philosophical idea of substance, accidents
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Substance: what things really are, their essence
Accidents: how they appear to senses, properties that are incidental,
weight, color, taste
Augustine has bad things to say about The Categories in
Confessions (IV.28-31)
According to Aquinas Christ becomes fully present in the
Eucharist when
 the material substance of bread and wine is transformed into His
own spiritual substance
 only the accidents (color, texture, taste) of the bread and wine
remain
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Explains doctrine of transubstantiation from Lateran IV
(1215)
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Adoro Te Devote
by Thomas Aquinas
Godhead here in hiding, whom I do adore
Masked by these bare shadows, shape and nothing more,
See, Lord, at thy service low lies here a heart
Lost, all lost in wonder at the God thou art.
Seeing, touching, tasting are in thee deceived;
How says trusty hearing? that shall be believed;
What God's Son has told me, take for truth I do;
Truth himself speaks truly or there's nothing true.
From CCC translated by Gerard Manley Hopkins
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Catholic Art Movements
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Romanesque: 10 - 11th C
Gothic: 12 - 14 th C
Renaissance 15 – 16 th C
Baroque 17 th C
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Romanesque: 10,
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Impact of Cluny
Example: Vezelay (where Bernard preached 2nd
Crusade)
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/vez
elay.html
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Gothic: 12, 13,
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Impact of Devotion to Mary
Example: Chartres
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/cha
rtres.html
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Renaissance: 15,
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16
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Epicenter: Florence
http://www.learner.org/exhibits/renaissance/flore
nce_sub2.html
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Baroque:
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17
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Epicenter: Renewed, reinvigorated Papal Rome
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http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/St_P
eters_of_Rome.html
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Readings
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McManners Ch. 6, 196-232 (Morris)
 Read all, pay special attention to discussion of popular piety and
devotions
 Carefully review map on page 198
Charter of Cluny, read all
Francis of Assisi, Rule, read all
Bonaventure, Itinerarium, read all, Prolog – Chapter7
 Note influence of neo-Platonic philosophy
Aquinas, read “on the contrary” and “I answer that”
 Note use of Augustine and Aristotle
 Note that Aquinas on Law and Virtue are two of the most
important parts of Summa
CCC 1803-1809
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