Transcript Lecture02

Asst.Prof.Dr.Surasak Mungsing
Information Science Institute of Sripatum University
[email protected]
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Basic Components of Computer
Systems
Information System Management
Fourth Generation of Computers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vacuum tubes
Transistors
Integrated circuits
VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits
1946-1959
1957-1963
1964-1979
1980 - present
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DEC
Data General
The Development of Minicomputers
IBM
1946-1959
1957-1963
1964-1979
1980 - present
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Apple
IBM PC
The Development of Microcomputers
1981
1946-1959
1957-1963
1964-1979
1980 - present
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Computer
Memory
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Bits and Coding
Schemes
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Computer Files
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Computer Files
 When power is off, everything stored in
memory is lost
 Computer files are used to store data long
term
 File storage devices:
◦ Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives
◦ Optical CD or DVD drives
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Computer Files
 Types of DASD
◦ Fixed (hard) drives
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Computer Files
 Types of DASD
◦ Removable:
 Floppy drives
 Zip drives
 Newest: portable DASD
for PCs – keychain drive
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Computer Files
 Newer type of DASD
◦ Optical Disk Storage
 CD-ROM
 CD-R
 CD-RW
700 megabytes
read-only
recordable
rewritable
 DVD-ROM
 DVD-R
 DVD-RW
4.7 gigabytes
read-only
recordable
rewritable
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•The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm
thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs
•Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer
• Dual layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard
for feature-length video discs
• Triple layer discs (100 GB)
• Quadruple layers (128 GB)
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Program – list of what computer needs to do
for an application
Instruction – each individual step or
operation in a program
Control unit – carries out one step or
instruction at a time at electronic speed
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Note: One of the primary measures of power
of computers is the number of instructions it
can execute in a given period
MIPS – millions of instructions per second executed
by the control unit
MFLOPS – millions of floating point operations per
second
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Cache Memory
 High-speed storage to
temporarily hold data from
main memory waiting to be
processed
 Entire blocks of data moved
at one time into cache
 Enables CPU to execute
much faster
 Also incorporated into DASD
controllers
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Microcomputers
Cost in $
MFLOPS
200-3,000
20-400
Major Vendors
Primary Uses
IBM, Dell,
Personal computing
Hewlett-Packard, Client in client/server
Gateway, Fujitsu, applications
Toshiba
Web client
Small business
processing
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Workstation/Midrange Systems
Cost in $
3,0001,000,000
MFLOPS
Major Vendors
40-4,000 IBM, Dell,
Hewlett-Packard,
Gateway, NEC,
NCR, Fujitsu,
Toshiba, Sun
Microsystems
Primary Uses
Departmental
computing
Specific applications
(office automation,
CAD, other graphics)
Midsized business
general processing
Server in client/server
applications
Web server, file
server, LAN server
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Mainframe Computers
Cost in $
1,000,000 20,000,000
MFLOPS
200 8,000
Major Vendors
IBM, Fujitsu,
Groupe Bull,
Unisys
Primary Uses
Large business
general processing
Server in client/server
applications
Large Web server
Widest range of
applications
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Supercomputers
Cost in $
1,000,000 100,000,000
MFLOPS
Major Vendors
4,000 IBM, Hewlett100,000,000 Packard, Dell,
Hitachi, Cray,
NEC
Primary Uses
Numerically intensive
scientific calculations
Very large Web
server
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People
◦ Organization
◦ Motivation
Technology
◦ Hardware
◦ Software
System
Administration
◦ Acquiring Resources
◦ Maintaining Existing
Resources
◦ IT Security
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Regulatory Trends: Internet taxation, privacy,
intellectual property.
Interoperability: Web services, interoperability.
Supply Chain: Wal-mart end to end, Dell no
inventory, dynamic pricing, RFID
Architecture: Thin client/fat client, super servers,
distributed processing, standards
Sourcing: Outsourcing, IT “utilities”, partnering
Infrastructure: Will the Internet survive, security,
viruses, spam, etc.
Emerging Technologies: Wireless, AI, RFID, etc.
Steve Andriole, If I Only Knew 7 Things, Datamation, July 8,2004
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Steering Committee
CIO
Manager
Project Manager
Analyst
Programmer
Systems Programmer
User
Centralized:
Single IT
structure
Consolidation of
functions
Career paths for
IS
professionals
Information
control
Economies of
scale
Decentralized
IT organizations
in divisions
Distributed
IT units with joint
reporting
Closeness to
local problems Separation of IS
Responsiveness
and user
to operational
functions
requirements
User ownership Identification of
corporate data
of costs and
problems
and functions
User ownership of
user
applications
Steering Committee
CIO
Development
Network
Architecture
Operations
Data
Administration
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Formal - user agreements and contracts
Utility - IS supplies standard information
resources
Vendor - IS promotes solutions in
competition with outside competitors
Partner - IS and users share common goals
and rewards
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Access to new ideas and standards
Access to additional resources
Change agent who can own responsibility
Managing the relationship
Operations management
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Job scheduling
Error management
Security management
Help desk
Change Control
◦ Planned
◦ Emergency
Access and permissions
◦ Supported
◦ Permitted
◦ Prohibited
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Early
Cost Savings and
Control
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Mid
Alignment with Organization Goals
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Current Integration Into the Business
Typically service levels are negotiated with users
or management and carefully tracked.
Network availability
99.8%
Mean time to hardware failure
1 mo
Mean time to software failure
1 month
Mean time to respond
10 min
Performance
95% < 2 sec
Mean throughput
64 Kbps
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Acquisition Strategy
Make or buy
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Installation
Direct, phased, pilot, parallel
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Training and Evaluation
Centralized or distributed
Mandatory or voluntary
Incremental:
Focus on processes to eliminate, rather than
correct problems.
Radical:
Focus on inputs and outputs to completely
revise the methods
Total Quality Management
• Goals
• Measures
• Root Causes
Total quality management is a cultural
change designed to take advantage of the
desire of individual workers to do a better
job.
The fundamental rethinking and radical
redesign of business processes to achieve
dramatic improvements in critical
contemporary measures of performance
such as cost, quality, service and speed.
◦ Customers: knowledgable and demanding
◦ Competition: continuously increasing
◦ Change: constant
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Redesign
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Retool
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Reorchestrate
Find new ways to accomplish business goals
Create the (IT) systems needed to support the new
design
Bring about the organizational changes needed to
support the new system.
Radical
Incremental
Change
Abrupt, volatile
Gradual, constant
Effects
Immediate
Long term, subtle
Involvement
Few champions Culture
Investment
Orientation
High initial, less Low initial, high
ongoing
ongoing
Technology
People
Focus
Profits
Processes