Transcript Resource 1

Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Srinagar
Title of course: Microprocessor
Session: Autumn 2016
Course code: CSE 503
Sem: 5th (CSE)
Prepared by
Prepared by:
Omerah Yousuf
(Dept of CSE)
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS
LECTURE 1
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Microprocessor is heart of computer .
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If we don’t learn it we don’t know how the computer
mechanism is actual working.
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Also if we don’t learn it we don’t know how it stores data and
how can it get all information.
Difference between CPU and Microprocessor:
 - CPU: It includes all essential components of computer
system like processor, RAM, motherboard, cooling fan,
CMOS battery , ethernet card etc.
 -Microprocessor: It is a computer processor on microchip.
 Sometimes called a logic chip.
 Engine that goes into motion when you turn your
computer ON.
 Designed to perform arithematic and logic operations that
make use of registers.
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Instruction Set: the set of instructions that microprocessor
can execute.
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Bandwidth: Number of bits processed in a single instruction.
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Clock speed: Determines how many instructions per second
the processor can execute.
Can be viewed as programmable logic device that can be used
to control, processes or to turn on/off devices.
 Can be viewed as a data processing unit or computing unit of
computer.
 Is a programmable integrated device that has computing and
decision making capability similar to that of cpu of computer.
 Can be embedded in a larger system, can stand alone unit
controlling processes or it can function as cpu of computer
called Microcomputer.
 Communicates and operates in the form of binary numbers 0
and 1 called bits.
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Has a fixed set of instructions in the form of binary patterns
called Machine language.
Difficult to understand binary 0’s and 1’s ,so binary
instructions are given abbreviated names called Mnemonics
which form assembly language.
Is a multipurpose, programmable, clock driven, register
based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a
storage device called Memory.
Accepts binary data as input and processes data according to
those instructions and provides results as output.
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Includes 4 components:
MEMORY
MICROPROCESSOR
INPUT
OUTPUT
Fig 1 : Programmable machine
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These work together or interact with each other to perform a
given task ,thus comprise a system
Physical components of system Hardware
Set of instructions written for a microprocessor to perform a task
program.
Group of programs software.
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Can be used to turn traffic lights on or off ,compute
mathematical functions or keep track of guidance system.
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REPROGRAMMABLE SYSTEM:
 Microprocessor used for computing and data processing.
Include general purpose microprocessor capable of handling large data,
storage devices and peripherals such as printers etc.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Microprocessor is a part of final product and is not available for
reprogramming to end user, such as copying machine.
Embedded systems can be viewed as products that use microprocessors
to perform their operation; they are known as microprocessor based
products.
E.g: washing machines, traffic light controllers, dishwashers etc.
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Microprocessor is a Programmable means it can be instructed
to perform given tasks within its capability.
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E.g piano generating various kinds of tones based on number
of keys it has.
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Designed to perform various tasks on the given set of data.
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Like pages of notebook with fixed number of binary numbers
on each line(made of semiconductor).
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Each line is an 8-bit register that can store eight binary bits
and several of these arranged in a sequence called Memory.
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These registers are always grouped together in the power of 2.
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For example, a group of 1024(210) 8 bit registers on a
semiconductor chip is known as 1K byte of memory
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User enter instructions and data into memory through devices
such as keyboards or switches. These devices are known as
Input devices
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Result displayed by a device such as seven segment LED or
printer. These devices are known as output devices.
CPU
ALU
INPUT
CONTROL
UNIT
MEMORY
Fig 2:Traditional block diagram of computer
OUTPUT
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With the integrated circuits technology, it became possible to
build the cpu on single chip this came to known as
microprocessor.
INPUT
Microprocessor as
CPU
OUTPUT
MEMORY
Fig 3: Block diagram of computer with MP as CPU
Microprocessor
Fig 4: Microprocessor Based system with bus architecture
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Includes 3 components:
 Microprocessor
 I/O
 Memory
Components are organized around a common communication
path called BUS.
 Entire group of components is also referred to as a system or
a microprocessor system and components themselves are
referred to as sub-systems.
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Microprocessor:Includes 3 segments
ALU:
 various computing functions are performed on data.
 ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations.
Register Array: consists of various registers identified as B,C,D,E,H &
L to store data temporarily during execution and are accessible to user
through instructions.
Control Unit:
 provides necessary timing and control signals to all operations in
microcomputer.
 Controls flow of data b/t microprocessor and memory and peripherals.
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Memory:
Stores binary information as instructions and data and provides that to
microprocessor whenever necessary.
To execute programs, microprocessor reads instructions and data from
memory and performs the computing operations in ALU
Results are either transferred to the output section for display or stored in
memory for later use.
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I/O (INPUT/OUTPUT):
It communicates with the outside world.
Includes input and output devices known as peripherals.
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SYSTEM BUS:
 communication path b/t microprocessor and peripherals.
 group of wires to carry bits
Microprocessor communicates with only one peripheral at a time
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Works in 3 steps:
 Fetch: microprocessor fetches the instruction from memory
Decode: decodes the required instruction.
Execute: executes the instruction and performs the required operation.
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Write notes on the following:
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Evolution of Microprocessors
Memory Classification
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http://www.slideshare.net/saquib208/8085-microprocessorramesh-gaonkar
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Reference Book: Ramesh S. Goankar, “Microprocessor
Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085”,
5thEdition, Prentice Hall.
END