Transcript - LearnGroup

IT101: INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS
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By Rave Harpaz
Computer Science Dept.
Brooklyn College
Edited By Dr. Ahmed Abo-Bakr
Information Technology Dept.
Faculty of Computers & Information
Course Information
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Code
: IT101
Name
: IT Fundamentals
Instructor : Ahmed Abo-Bakr, Ph.D.
E-mail
: [email protected]
Time
: Saturdays 8 am – 11 am
TA
: TBA
Office Hours
: BAO
Text
: Lecture Presentations are enough
Course Group
:
[email protected]
Course Description (1)
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Introduction:
 Brief
history of computing; the components of a
computing system.
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Machine level representation of data:
 Bits,
bytes, and words; numeric data representation and
number bases; signed and twos-complement
representations; fundamental operations on bits;
representation of nonnumeric data.
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Digital logic:
 Switching
circuits; gates; memory.
Course Description (2)
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Operating systems and virtual machines:
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Computing applications:
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Historical evolution of operating systems; responsibilities of
an operating system; basic components of an operating
system.
Word processing;
directories.
spreadsheets;
editors;
files
and
Introduction to net-centric computing:
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Background and history of networking and the Internet;
demonstration and use of networking software including email, telnet, and FTP.
Important Dates
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Week (1), October 11th
 Warming
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Week (3), October 25th
 No
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Class (Hijri Year Starts)
Week (9), December 6th
 Mid-Term
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Up, Introduction to IT Fundamentals
Exam
Week (13), January 3rd, 2015
 Last
Lecture
Assignments
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Several homework sheets will be distributed throughout
the term via course group e-mail.
Late homework will be accepted if delivered no more
than one week of its due date. However, late homework
will be graded from 80%.
For example, if a late assignment is graded out of 10
pts and received 7/10, the grade will be recorded as
(0.8 × 7 ≈ 5.5 / 10)
Homework delivered after the “one-week” allowance
will NOT be accepted and will be recorded as ZERO.
Contacts
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Preferred way of getting in touch is through
educational e-mails ONLY which will be answered
promptly.
Educational e-mails are those e-mails hosted at
aun.edu.eg or compit.au.edu.eg or fci.au.edu.eg
Grading
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Students’ level will be evaluated according to the
work done throughout the term and their grades will
be distributed as follows:
Assignments
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Mid-Term Exam(s)
: 25
Final Exam
: 50
How to activate your .edu e-mail?
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http://195.246.49.215/mis/E_Mails.aspx
How to join educational groups?
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www.mail.office365.com
Gear menu → Options
Groups → Join
Choose your group and click
on Join
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Introduction to IT Fundamentals
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WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device, operating under
the control of instructions (software) stored in its own
memory unit, that can accept data (input),
manipulate data (process), and produce information
(output) from the processing operation.
Generally, the term is used to describe a collection
of devices that function together as a system.
Devices that comprise a computer system
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Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor, memory…)
Printer
(output)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy, Hard
disk, zip,…)
Scanner
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
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WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?
Computers can perform four general operations, which
comprise the information processing cycle.
Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage
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Data and Information
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All computer processing requires data, which is a collection
of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and
useful.
During the output phase, the information that has been
created is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for
future use.
Why a Computer is Powerful?
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The ability to perform the information processing
cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
Ability to communicate with other computers.
How Does a Computer Know what to do?
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It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a computer program or software, that tells
it exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the computer
program corresponding to that job must be stored
in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the
computer can start the operation by executing the
program instructions one after the other.
What Are The Primary Components Of A
Computer ?
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Input devices.
Central Processing Unit (containing the control unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.
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Input Units
Through which data are input to the computer for processing
Bar code
reader
Keyboard
Scanner
Mouse
Keyboard
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MOUSE TYPES
Is a pointing device which is used to control the
movement of a mouse pointer on the screen to
make selections from the screen. A mouse has one to
five buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat and
contains a mechanism that detects movement of the
mouse.
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THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The central processing unit (CPU) contains electronic
circuits that cause processing to occur. The CPU
interprets instructions to the computer, performs the
logical and arithmetic processing operations, and
causes the input and output operations to occur. It is
considered the “brain” of the computer.
Central Processing Unit
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit
“ALU”
Performing all mathematical and logical
operations
Control Unit
Controls all parts of a computer
and organizes communication
CPU Speed measurement unit is Hz and its powers (MHz, GHz)
Memory Unit
Memory Types
Read Only Memory
ROM
Random Access Memory
RAM
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MEMORY
Memory also called Random Access Memory or
RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory of
the computer. It consists of electronic components
that store data including numbers, letters of the
alphabet, graphics and sound. Any information
stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned
off.
Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is
etched on a chip that has start-up directions for
your computer. It is permanent memory (usually in
the range of few Megabytes).
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AMOUNT OF RAM IN COMPUTERS
The amount of memory in computers is typically
measured in Gigabytes. One Gigabyte (G or GB)
equals approximately 1,000,000,000 memory
locations
A memory location, or byte, usually used to store
one character.
Therefore, a computer with 8 GB of memory can
store approximately 8 billion characters. One
gigabyte can hold approximately 500,000 pages
of text information.
Output Units
Printer
Speakers
Monitor
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STORAGE DEVICES
Auxiliary storage devices are used to store data
when they are not being used in memory. The most
common types of auxiliary storage used on
personal computers are hard disks, CD-ROM
drives, DVD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives.
Storage Unit
External
External HD, Floppy, Flash, Memory
Sticks, CDs, DVDs, BD
Internal
(Hard Disks(
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FLOPPY DISKS
A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage
medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible
plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a
square-shaped plastic shell.
Structure Of Floppy Disks
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Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they then shrank
to 5.25 inches, and then to 3.5 inches wide and can
typically store 1.44 megabytes of data.
A floppy disk is a magnetic disk, which means that it used
magnetic patterns to store data.
Data in floppy disks can be read from and written to.
Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading
and writing.
A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full circle
on the surface of the disk.
Structure Of Floppy Disks
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The disk’s storage locations are divided into pie-shaped
sections called sectors.
A sector is capable of holding 512 bytes of data.
A typical floppy stores data on both sides and has 80
tracks on each side with 18 sectors per track.
Storage Units
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Bit is smallest unit and it can hold either 0 or 1
 Byte = 8 Bits.
 Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 Byte.
 Mega Byte (MB) = 1024 KB.
 Giga Byte (GB) = 1024 MB.
 Tera Byte (TB) = 1024 GB
Hard Disk (HD)
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Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A hard
disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with
a metal oxide material that allows data to be magnetically
recorded on the surface of the platters.
The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed,
typically 5400, 7200, 10000, and 15000 revolutions per
minute (RPM).
Current storage capacites of hard disks for personal
computers range from 80 GB to 2 TB
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One billion bytes are called a gigabyte
On thousand billion bytes are called a terabyte
Compact Disc (CD)
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A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat
round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in
diameter.
A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that uses
laser technology for recording data. It can contain many
types of data such as text, graphics, and video.
The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650/700 MB of data.
Digital Video Drive (DVD)
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Similar to a CD, but offer higher storage capacity
Capacity ranges from 4.7 GB up to 9 GB (dual
layer)
Blu-ray Disc (BD)
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Similar to CDs and DVDs
Again offers much higher storage capacity
Conventional BD: 25 GB
Dual Layer BD: 50 GB
Triple Layer BD: 100 GB
Quadruple Layer BD: 128 GB
The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to
read the disc, which allows information to be stored at
a greater density than is possible with the red laser
used for DVDs
USB Flash Drive
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Data storage device that includes flash memory with an
integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.
USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable
As of September 2011 drives of up to 256 gigabytes (GB)
are available.
Storage capacities as large as 2 terabytes are planned,
with steady improvements in size and price per capacity
expected.
Used for storage, back-up and transfer of computer files.
They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more
capacity, and are more durable and reliable because they
have no moving parts.
Comparison in Speed and Cost
Increase in speed and capacity
Increase in cost
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What’s inside a computer?
A Look Inside
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Motherboard
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A motherboard containing the CPU, memory (primary
storage), and other components
Expansion cards (circuit boards) used by the CPU to
communicate with devices inside and outside the case
Secondary storage devices such as a floppy drive, hard
drive, CD-ROM drive, or DVD-ROM drive
A power supply with power cords supplying electricity
to all devices inside the case
Cable connection devices to circuit boards and the
motherboard.
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Cables and Back Panel Ports
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Two types of cables are found inside the computer
case: data cables, which connect devices to one
another, and power cables or power cords, which
supply power.
CPU and RAM
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Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
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Video RAM - Older video cards had no memory,
but today they need memory to handle the large
volume of data generated by increased resolution
and color.
Video memory is stored on video cards as memory
chips. The first memory used DRAM chips, but now
the standard for video memory chips is DDR5.
VRAM is immensely important for displaying content
on large resolutions such as 1080p.
Power Supply
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There are two types of power supplies you can buy
besides the different form factors. These are called
Modular and Non-Modular.
Non-Modular's power cables are built in and cannot be
removed for easier cable routing and will float freely
inside your case.
Modular power supplies on the other hand can have
each individual power cable going to your power
supply plugged in on their own. This offers a much
cleaner PC and can help improve airflow inside your
computer.
HDDs
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Hard drives have one (Used to be many) platter
that spin.
The platters consist of aluminum, glass, or ceramic
and is coated with a magnetic material that allows
items to be recorded magnetically on its top and
bottom.
The hard drive typically has a read/write head
that moves back and forth at high speeds, writing
and reading data as you use your computer.
RAID (Redundant Array Of Inexpensive Disks)
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One way of drastically improving your computers read/write times
is running through RAID.
This configuration is made up of multiple drives into one logical unit.
It takes two identical Hard Drives and makes them act as one.
Splitting files up in pieces and storing them across both drives.
This setup cuts access times, and read/write times in half.
There are different arrays of RAID you can have such as RAID 0
which is the entry level of RAID, using only two drives to store one
file.
Other setups include RAID 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10. RAID 10 being
the highest form and uses a minimum of 4 drives to store files. RAID
10 is typically used by servers that pump out a lot of data back
and forth to users.
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FLASHBACK
First Programmable Computer
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(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first
electronic programmable computer built in the US.
It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand
times faster than any other machine.
It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root.
High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80
bytes).
Development and construction lasted from 1943 to full
operation at the end of 1945.
The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200
kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000
vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of
resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
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Vacuum Tubes, Transistors & Microchips
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Importance
The transistor is the key active component in
practically all modern electronics.
Many consider it to be one of the greatest
inventions of the 20th century.
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iPhone 6 transistor count
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The iPhone 6 chip is a 2-billion-transistor chip !!!!!
First Mouse
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The first computer mouse was invented in 1963 by
Douglas Engelbart at the Stanford Research Institute.
(He is also one of the inventors of hypertext.) The first
mouse used two wheels positioned at a 90-degree
angle to each other to keep track of the movement. The
ball mouse wasn’t invented until 1972, and the optical
mouse was invented circa 1980 although it didn’t come
to popular use until much later.
Douglas Engelbart never received any royalties for his
invention and his patent had run out by the time the
mouse became commonplace in the era of home PCs.
First Trackball
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The trackball was actually invented 11 years
BEFORE the mouse, in 1952.
It was invented by Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff
as part of a computerized battlefield information
system called DATAR, initiated by the Canadian
Navy. It used a standard five-pin bowling ball as its
trackball, which is smaller than the more common
10-pin bowling ball.
First Portable Computer
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Well, perhaps that should be “movable” computer…
The IBM 5100 Portable Computer was introduced in
1975, weighed 25 kg (55 lb), was the size of a small
suitcase and needed external power to operate.
It held everything in the same unit, packing in a
processor, ROM (several hundreds of KB) and RAM (1664 KB), a five-inch CRT display, keyboard and a tape
drive, which was an amazing feat at the time. It also
came with built-in BASIC and/or APL. The different
models of the IBM 5100 sold for $8,975 – $19,975.
First Laptop
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The first laptop computer (or notebook) was the Grid
Compass 1100 (called the GRiD) and was designed in
1979 by a British industrial designer, Bill Moggridge.
The computer didn’t start selling until 1982, then
featuring a 320×200 screen, an Intel 8086 processor,
340 KB of magnetic bubble memory (a now obsolete,
non-volatile memory type) and a 1200 bps modem.
It weighed 5 kg (11 lb) and cost $8-10,000. The GRiD
was mainly used by NASA and the US military.
First PC
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The IBM Personal Computer was introduced in 1981 as
the IBM 5150.
The first IBM PC had an Intel 8088 processor, 64 KB of
RAM (extendible to 256 KB), a floppy disk drive (which
could be used to boot the computer with a rebranded
version of MS-DOS (PC-DOS)) and a CGA or
monochrome video card. The machine also had a
version of Microsoft BASIC in ROM. On the first IBM PC
the optional 10 MB hard disk drive could only be
installed if the original power supply was replaced (the
original one was too weak).
First Apple Computer
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The first Apple personal computers (Apple I) were
designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak.
The Apple I went on sale in 1976 for the price of
$666.66. Only about 200 units were produced. The
Apple I was basically just a motherboard with a
processor, a total of 8KB of RAM, a display
interface and some additional functionality.
To have a working computer, the buyer would have
to add a power supply, a keyboard and a display
(and a case to keep mount it all in).
First RAM
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Arguably the first (writable) random access memory was Magnetic Core
Memory (also called Ferrite-Core Memory) and was invented in 1951 as a
result of work done by An Wang at Harvard University’s Computation Lab
and Jay Forrester at MIT.
Core memory was a family of related technologies that used the magnetic
properties of materials to give them a similar functionality to transistors.
They stored their information using the polarity of tiny, magnetic ceramic
rings with wires threaded through them. Unlike today’s RAM, core memory
could keep its information even after the power was turned off.
Core memory was common until it was replaced by integrated silicon RAM
chips in the 1970s. The “core” in core memory is why a memory dump is
called a “core dump” even today.
Above left: Closeup of core memory. Above right: The core memory plane
in the picture is 16×16 cm (6.3×6.3 inches), holding 128×128 bits (2048
byte).
First Laser Printer
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The laser printer was invented by Gary
Starkweather at XEROX in 1969. His initial
prototype was a modified laser copier where he
had disabled the imaging system and introduced a
spinning drum with eight mirrored sides. The first
commercial implementation of a laser printer didn’t
happen until IBM released the IBM model 3800 in
1976. It could pretty much fill up a room on its own.
First Hard Disk
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The IBM Model 350 Disk File was the first hard disk
drive and was part of the IBM 305 RAMAC
computer that IBM started delivering in 1956
(mainly intended for business accounting).
It had 50 24-inch discs that together could store
about 4.4 MB of data. The Model 350 spun at
1200 rpm, had a data transfer rate of 8,800
characters per second and an access time of
approximately one second.
Hard Disk from the 70’s
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Although hard disk drives kept improving, state-ofthe art disks were built according to the concept
“bigger is better” well into the ‘80s.
Hard disk drives were normally used together with
big mainframe computers, so this was not such a big
deal. Entire rooms were already set aside for the
computers.
Case in point, is a 250 MB hard disk drive from
1979.
Hard Disk from Early 80’s
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IBM introduced the first hard disk drive to break the
1 GB barrier in 1980.
It was called the IBM 3380 and could store 2.52
GB (500 times more than the consumer options at
the time).
Its cabinet was about the size of a refrigerator and
the whole thing weighed in at 550 pounds (250 kg).
Evolution in Hard Disk Sizes
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Early in the ‘80s, smaller “consumer” hard disk drives
designed to be used with the increasingly popular
microcomputers (now known as PCs) started to appear.
The first ones were 5 MB in size and had a form factor
of 5.25 inches.
For a visual on how hard disk drive sizes have changed
since the ‘80s until today, have a look at the below
image with an old 8-inch drive all the way down to
today’s 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch and 1.8-inch drives.
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