Transcript Computer Hardware

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Computer applications today:
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Word processing (Word)
Spreadsheets (Excel)
Presentation software (PowerPoint)
Communication (email, Internet)
Games
Databases
...
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At the British Museum
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Difference Engine (video)
Difference Engine (article)
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Pictures and Drawings
Court Trial
Reconstructing the ABC Computer
ABC part 1 (video, 10 min)
ABC part 2 (video, 10 min)
ABC part 3 (video, 10 min)
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18,000 vacuum tubes
80 ft long x 3 ft deep by 8 ft tall
$500,000 ($6M in today’s dollars)
30 tons
150 kilowatts
ENIAC (Wikipedia article)
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ABC was the first electronic, digital computer.
ENIAC was the first electronic, digital,
general-purpose computer.
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UNIVAC 1, More UNIVAC
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Big
Slow
Hot
Expensive
Unreliable
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Smaller
Faster
Cooler
Cheaper
More reliable
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IBM 1620
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IBM 360
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IBM 360
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A “mini” computer
was about the size
of a refrigerator.
They could be
made this small
because of
integrated circuits.
PDP 8
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The “micro” computer.
The Apple ][ Plus
Apple II
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A 4th generation
computer uses largescale integrated
circuits (silicon chips)
for its circuitry.
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IBM PC
August, 1981
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iMac
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The trend has continually been:
◦ SMALLER
◦ CHEAPER
◦ FASTER
◦ MORE RELIABLE
◦ MORE POWERFUL
◦ MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT
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Gen
Dates
Hardware
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Early 50s-Late 50s
Vacuum tubes
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Late 50s-Mid 60s
Transistors
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Mid 60s-Mid 70s
Integrated Circuits
Mid 70s-Present
Large-scale integrated
circuits
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Moore's Law (1965): The number of
transistors that can be placed on an
integrated circuit is doubling approximately
every 2 years.
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Main
Memory
Input
CPU
Secondary
Memory
(Storage)
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Output
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Input Device: Hardware used to enter data
and instructions
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Most common devices:
◦ Keyboard
◦ Mouse
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Three other common devices:
◦ Microphone
◦ Scanner
◦ Web Cam
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Hardware that conveys information to
humans
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Most common:
◦ Monitor
◦ Printer
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Another common output device:
◦ Speakers
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System Unit: Case containing electronic
components used to process data
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CPU and
memory go
on the
motherboard:
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Central Processing Unit (CPU): the electronic
component that interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate the computer.
It is located inside the system unit on the
motherboard.
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Executes instructions (programs/software)
One instruction at a time (per “core”)
Billions of instructions per second
Today: multiple cores (CPUs)
Today: 2-3 GHz clock speed
Located on motherboard
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The Core i7 has four processors inside of it.
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Celeron: Lower cost, lower performance
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Main Memory: Consists of electronic
components that store instructions waiting to
be executed and data needed by those
instructions
It is located in the system unit on the
motherboard.
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Main Memory is:
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Fast!
But: Volatile...
... Expensive...
... and Limited
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Storage: Holds data and instructions for
future use:
◦ Magnetic disk
◦ Flash memory
◦ Optical disk
◦ Magnetic tape
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Main Memory is:
Secondary Memory is:
 Permanent (not volatile)  Volatile
 Expensive
 Cheap (cost per byte)
 Limited
 Unlimited
 Fast!
 But: Slow!
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5.25”
3.5”
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2.5”
1.5”
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Hard disk: Provides greater storage capacity
than a floppy disk or USB flash drive
Direct Access
Most are housed inside
of the system unit
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Floppy Disk
Small removable
magnetic storage device.
Direct access
Holds about 1.4 MB
Obsolete
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USB Flash Drive: Provides much greater
storage capacity than a floppy disk.
Small and lightweight enough to be
transported on a keychain or in a pocket
Direct Access
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Magnetic tape
Sequential access
Used primarily for backup
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Old: 7-inch tape
New: cassettes
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Optical Disk: Flat, round, portable metal disc
Direct Access
 CD-ROM (.6 GB)
 DVD-ROM (4-17 GB)
 Blu-ray (25-50 GB)
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The two most popular personal computers:
PC and compatibles use
the Windows
operating system
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Apple Macintosh usually
uses the Macintosh
operating system (Mac
OS X)
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Notebook/laptop computer:
 Portable, small enough to fit on your lap
 Usually more expensive than a desktop
computer with equal capabilities
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Apple iPad tablet computer
iPad overview
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Smart phone: a mobile phone offering
advanced capabilities, often with PC-like
functionality.
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Portable Media Players
 Stores music, videos, photos
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Game Console: a mobile computing device
designed for single-player or multiplayer
video games.
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Server: A computer that controls access to
network resources and provides centralized
storage
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Mainframe computer: very powerful,
expensive computer that supports thousands
of connected users.
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Supercomputer: the fastest, most powerful,
most expensive computer. Used for
applications requiring complex mathematical
calculations.
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World’s fastest computer
1750 teraflops
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Embedded Computer: a special-purpose
computer that functions as a component in a
larger product.
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Personal Computers (desktop)
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Game Consoles
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded Computers
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