Transcript CMPE511

ARM Soft Microprocessor
Architectures
CMPE511 Term Paper Presentation
Afşin ÖZPINAR
2003800835- EE Phd
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Overview
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What is ARM?
The History of ARM
Why ARM?
ARM Overview and Market
Partners
Processor Cores and Development
ARM Product Family and Comparision
Key Features of the ARM
ARM Architecture ARM11TDMI
Multiprocessor Structure
AMBA Bus Structure
ARM Instruction set
ARM Based Products
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What is ARM?
• ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine
• A Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
developed by a company called Acorn Computers
Ltd.
• ARM is the world leader company in IP offerings
consist of a wide range of microprocessor cores,
architectural extensions, development tools,
peripheral IP and SoC solutions. All of these
solutions are supported by ARM and a global network
of design and engineering Partners
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The History of ARM
• ARM was established in November 1990 as Advanced RISC
Machines Ltd., a UK-based joint venture between Apple
Computer, Acorn Computer Group and VLSI Technology.
• Acorn, developer of the world’s first commercial singlechip RISC processor, and Apple, intent on advancing the
use of RISC technology in its own systems, chartered ARM
with creating a new microprocessor standard.
• With the introduction of its first embedded RISC core,
the ARM6™ family of processors, in 1991, ARM signed VLSI
as its initial licensee.
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Why ARM?
• ARM core-based microprocessors
industry commonly because:
are
used
in
 Tools of Choice - ARM has the widest range of hardware and
software tools support any 32 bit architecture
 Ease of Access – There are more than 10 leading
microcontroller suppliers providing ARM based MCUs
 Flexibility in System Design – Through a wide range of
functionality and power, parts running 1 MHz to 1 GHz with
architectural performance enhancements for media and
Java
 Low Cost of Silicon – Processors and other products making
efficient use of silicon while designing any kind of chips
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ARM Overview
• ARM’s 16/32-bit RISC microprocessors, data engines,
peripherals, software and tools, combined with the
company’s broad Partner community, provide a total
system solution that offers a fast, reliable path to
market for leading electronics companies
• ARM’s RISC technology addresses today’s design
challenges, providing many advantages over
competing architectures:
 Not only do ARM cores offer an unrivalled combination of
advanced logic, robust functionality, energy efficiency and
low cost, but their simpler designs enable easy integration.
In addition, their superior code densities allow for reduced
memory and consequently, lower system costs
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Market
•ARM designs the technology that lies at the heart of
advanced digital products:
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ARM : General
• As the industry’s leading provider of 32-bit
embedded RISC microprocessors,with almost 75% of
the market
 ARM offers a wide range of processor cores,all using a
common underlying architecture, to deliver high
performance with low power consumption at minimal cost
 The ARM architecture’s performance range extends to more
than 1 GHz
 ARM’s strength lies in the fact that it has over 100 partners
throughout the world
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ARM and the Partners
• ARM is the number one semiconductor IP supplier in the
world
• ARM Powered® microprocessors are pervasive in the
electronic products we use, driving key functions in a
variety of applications in the market
• ARM licenses its IP to a network of Partners, which
includes some of the world’s leading semiconductor and
system companies.
• These Partners utilise ARM’s low -cost, power efficient
core designs to create and manufacture microprocessors,
peripherals and SoC solutions
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Some of the Partners
• Alcatel, Analog Devices, Atmel, Epson, Ericsson,
Fujitsu, IBM, Infineon, Intel, Kawasaki, Mitsubishi,
Motorola, National Semiconductor, NEC, Panasonic,
Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, ST Microelectronics,
Texas Instruments, Toshiba, Yamaha
• Operating Systems Partners:
Mentor Graphics, Microsoft, Sun Microsystems,
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Processor Cores
• ARM offers a wide range of processor cores &
solutions based on a common architecture, that
deliver high performance together with low power
consumption and system cost:
Embedded Cores
Application Cores
Secure Cores
OptimoDE Data Engine
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ARM Product Family
• There are currently seven main product families:
 ARM7™
 ARM9™
 ARM9E™
 ARM10™
 ARM11™
 SecurCore™
 Cortex Families
• Further implementations available from ARM’s
partners (such as Intel® XScale™ technology and
StrongARM® products) with available performance
over 1 GHz
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Architecture Revisions
version
Future
ARM1136JF-S™
ARMv6
ARM102xE XScaleTM
ARM1026EJ-S™
ARMv5
ARM9x6E ARM926EJ-S™
SC200™
ARM92xT
®
ARM7TDMI-S™ StrongARM
V4
SC100™
1994
1996
ARM720T™
1998
2000
2002
XScale is a trademark of Intel Corporation
2004
2006
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Performance Architectures
Feature Set
Architecture
v4T
v5TE
v5TEJ
v6
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ARM
ARM
ARM
ARM
Thumb®
v4T
v5TE
v5TEJ
v6
DSP
Jazelle®
Media
ARM7 and ARM9 Family
ARM10 Family
ARM10 Family
ARM11 Family
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ARM Family Comparision
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Performance Changes
• The ARM architecture is now the industry’s leading
32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor solution
• All ARM processors share this architecture, ensuring
that developers gain on software development as
they move to higher performance processors
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Key Features of
The Architecture(1)
• Some of the key features of the ARM architecture:
 Thumb® : ARM processors are native 32-bit designs, but also
incorporate the 16-bit Thumb instruction set which enables
software to be coded as shorter 16-bit instructions. This provides
typical memory savings of up to 35 while retaining all the benefits
of a 32-bit system
 SIMD Technology: The ARM SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data)
media extensions increase the processing capability of ARM
solutions
 DSP : A set of arithmetic instructions for DSP applications. The
addition of the DSP instruction set offers 16-bit and 32-bit
arithmetic capabilities
 Jazelle™ : An extension to enable direct execution of Java bytecodes in hardware
 Media : 2-4x performance increase for audio and video processing
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Key Features of
The Architecture(2)
 ARM TrustZone™ : Provides a secure foundation for systems
running open Operating Systems (OS), to ensure that data
downloaded or run on the device remains secure
 The ARM Intelligent Energy Manager (IEM): Implements advanced
algorithms to optimally balance processor workload and energy
consumption. The Intelligent Energy Manager technology works
with the operating system dynamically predict the required future
CPU performance level for the applications running on the mobile
phone
 The ARM OptimoDE™ : An extremely configurable VLIW-styled data
engine architecture, targeted at intensive non-stop data
processing
 ARM NEON™ : Presents an extensive set of new instructions for
future ARM processors that is a 64/128-bit hybrid SIMD
architecture
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Some Details on
ARM11™ Family
• The ARM11 microarchitecture is the first implementation of the
ARMv6 instruction set architecture, and forms the basis of a new
family of ARM11 cores
• Key Benefits
 The ARM11 microarchitecture represents a major step in system performance
with target performance for the first cores in the 350-500MHz to over 1GHz.
 Processor implementations based on the ARM11 microarchitecture will
achieve less than 0.4mW/MHz at 1.2V in a 0.13µm process technology.
 The ARM11 microarchitecture has been developed both for synthesizable and
semicustom hard macrocell implementations. Since, primarily, the cores will
be used within a system on a chip (SoC) context, enabling implementation
through synthesis allows developers to easily integrate the design.
 To better facilitate synthesis, ARM11 cores have a synthesis-friendly pipeline
structure designed to work with commercially available synthesis tools
 The ARM11 microarchitecture – through the ARM v6 architecture, also benefits
software developers. It includes a large set of media processing instructions
to accelerate audio and video applications
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ARM Microprocessor Core
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ARM11™ Pipeline
 ARM11 Microarchitecture – Pipelining
• Differing from preceding ARM cores the ARM11 consists of 8
stages
• An 8-stage pipeline allows 8 different processing stages to be
carried out simultaneously
• Highly-pipelined structures can impair efficiency by
introducing excessive delays, or latency, into the system.
• Forwarding:
 Long pipelines mean that execution of some instructions may be
delayed, because they depend on the results of previous
instructions the ARM11 pipeline avoids these delays by extensive
use of forwarding within the pipeline.
• Predecting:
 The ARM11 also has a fetaure of branch predecting
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ARM11™ Pipeline
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Example ARM System
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The ARM MPCore
• The ARM MPCoreTM synthesizable multiprocessor is based on the
ARM11TM microarchitecture
 Can be configured to contain between one and four processors delivering up to 2600
Dhrystone MIPS of performance
 The new ARM multiprocessor solution delivers greater performance at lower
frequencies than comparable single processor solutions
 The MPCore enables system designers to view the core as a single “uniprocessor”,
simplifying development and reducing time-to-market.
 The MPCore multiprocessor supports up to four-way cache coherent symmetric
multiprocessing (SMP), up to four-way asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP), or any
combination of both.
 The MPCore also supports the partitioning of processors to support traditional
asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) providing software compatibility for existing
applications and increased throughput when multiple applications are run in parallel
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MPCore Features
• Highly configurable
 Flexibility of total available performance from implementations using
between 1 and 4 processors
 Sizing of both data and instruction cache between 16K and 64K bytes across
each processor
 Either dual or single 64-bit AMBA 3.0 AXI system bus connection allowing
rapid and flexibility during SoC design
 Optional integrated vector floating point (VFP) unit
• Efficient processing
 Rich ARMv6 architecture-based multiprocessor-capable instruction set
architecture
 Support for ARM Thumb ® instruction set ,ARM Jazelle® technology , ARM DSP
extensions
 SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) media processing extensions
delivering up to 2x performance for video processing
 Advanced Operating System (AOS) extensions providing architectural 25
enhancements that improve performance of a multiprocessor capable OS.
MPCore Features
• Energy Efficient
 Low power system design allowing gate level shutdown of unused
resources
 Support for ARM Intelligent Energy Management (IEM)
 Various levels of individual processor shutdown providing up to 85%
energy saving on both dynamic and static energy usage
• High Performance Memory
 16-64k independent data and instruction cache per processor with full
data coherence
 Ability for data to be copied between each processor’s cache permitting
rapid data sharing without accesses to main memory
• Simple Design Integration
 Utilizes 64-bit AMBA AXI bus interconnect
• Software Support Environment
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The ARM MPCore
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AMBA Overview
• Standard for On-Chip Bus
 AMBA is an open standard, on-chip bus specification that details a
strategy for the interconnection and management of functional
blocks that makes up a System-on-Chip (SoC)
 It facilitates "right-first-time" development of embedded
processors with one or more CPU/signal processors and multiple
peripherals
 AMBA enhances a reusable design methodology by defining a
common backbone for SoC modules
• AMBA Flexibility
 For the on-chip bus, flexibility is the key to reuse by enabling
developers to select the optimal architecture to efficiently meet
the performance requirements of a wide variety of systems.
 AMBA enables the SoC designer to select the optimal combination
of bus frequency (to match the peripherals) and number of
channels (to achieve the bandwidth), using the AMBA Multi-layer
architecture
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AMBA Overview
• AMBA Compatibility
 The AMBA interface standards ensure that peripherals can be
reused with confidence in a multitude of systems
 AMBA compliance provides the mechanism to ensure reuse of
peripherals between systems
• AMBA Support
 AMBA has been widely adopted throughout the industry and, as a
consequence, there is support for the development of AMBA busbased systems from a growing number of companies
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The ARM Instruction Set
Architecture
• The ARM architecture provides support for the 32-bit ARM and 16-bit
Thumb® Instruction Set Architectures along with architecture
extensions to provide support for Java acceleration (Jazelle™) and
security (TrustZone™) technologies
• ARMv4
ARMv4 can be considered a 32-bit ISA operating in a 32-bit address
space.
• ARMv4T
The ARMv4T architecture added the 16-bit Thumb instruction set
which enabled compilers to generate more compact code while
retaining all the benefits of a 32-bit system.
• ARMv5TE
Thumb architecture, along with ARM ‘Enhanced’ DSP instruction set
extensions to the ARM ISA.
• ARMv5TEJ
The Jazelle extension to support Java acceleration technology.
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The ARM Instruction Set
Architecture
• ARMv6
The ARMv6 architecture includes media instructions to support Single
Instruction Multiple Data(SIMD) software execution. The SIMD
extensions are optimized for a broad range of software applications
including video and audio codecs, where the extensions increase
performance by up to four times.
• NEONTM Media Acceleration Technology
ARM NEON technology is designed to address the demands of next
generation high-performance, media intense, low power mobile
handheld devices. NEON technology is a 64/128-bit hybrid SIMD
architecture
• Vector Floating Point (VFP)
Vector Floating Point (VFP) coprocessor support is an architecture
option. The VFP architecture supports single and double precision
floating point arithmetic
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Some of ARM
Based Products
• Atmel
 AT91SC25672RC - Secure MCU
 AT91 Series - Micro Controllers
• Motorola
 DragonBall TM / i.MX, i.MXL, i.MX1, i.MX21
• NEC
 High performance / low risk SoC Design
• Philips
 LPC2000 series microcontrollers
• Samsung
 S3F/C - ARM core-based MCUs
• Texas Instruments
 TMS320DSC25 - Digital Signal Processor
• ST Microelectronics
 Mobile Multimedia Processor Platform
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Thanks For Listening !..
Questions?
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