Transcript Internet Timeline

History of the Internet
Where we began, Where we’ve been, Where we are
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
Atanasoff
Berry
Built in 1937-1942 at Iowa State University by John V.
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, it introduced the ideas of
binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, and logic circuits.
These ideas were used in the design of the better-known
ENIAC built several years later.
1945:
Alan Turing,
Code Breaker
• Turing's discoveries in mathematical logic, using the Turing
machine concept, depended on seeing that programs operating on
numbers could themselves be represented as numbers.
• Turing's 1945 conception of the computer was not tied to
numbers at all. It was for the logical manipulation of symbols of any
kind. From the start he stressed that a universal machine could
switch at a moment's notice from arithmetic to the algebra of
group theory, to chess playing, or to data processing.
• His computer, the Colossus, was created to break German codes
during WWII. Kept secret until 1970.
The Alan Turing Homepage
1945: Based on Turing’s model, John von Neuman designs a
“stored program computer”, where the program and the data
reside in the same machine. The von Neumann architecture
is a design model for a stored-program digital computer that
uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure
to hold both instructions and data.
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/VonNeumann.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer),
1946
•
•
•
•
Designed by Drs. Eckert and Mauchly filled an entire room,
weighed thirty tons, and consumed two hundred kilowatts of
power. Lights dim in Philadelphia the first time it’s turned on!
It generated so much heat that it had to be placed in one of
the few rooms at the University with a forced air cooling
system.
It also had fifteen hundred relays and hundreds of thousands
of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
An IBM card reader and card punch were used respectively
for input and output.
The ENIAC Museum Online
The ENIAC
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
1946
Used for:
1. Ballistics
2. Weather prediction
3. Atomic-energy
calculations
4. Cosmic-ray studies
5. Thermal ignition
6. Random-number
studies
7. Wind-tunnel design
Transistors, 1947
•Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain invented
•Replaced the vacuum tubes
•Nobel Prize earned! 1956
The History of Computing Project
UNIVAC, 1951
First commercially available electronic digital
computer
•Universal Automatic Computer
•25 feet by 50 feet, 2.25 MHz, held 12,000 characters (1,000
words)
•Designed by Eckert and Mauchly, of ENIAC fame
•46 units sold by Remington Rand
•Used until the 1960’s
•Westinghouse had one installed in 1956 here in Pittsburgh
•Calculated payroll, analyzed business, tracked sales records
•90,000 transactions per month
The circuitry that filled up the walk-in CPU of the
UNIVAC I, now fits on your finger. The UNIVAC I
made history in 1952 when it predicted
Eisenhower's victory.
The History of Computing Project
UNIVAC, 1951
First commercially available electronic digital
computer
1957
Sputnik launched
 Artificial satellite
 Direct threat to National Defense
 Threatened US supremacy
ARPA – Advance Research Projects Agency
 Military & Science
 Government (Eisenhower) creates ARPANET within the
Department of Defense
Birth of the Internet
1952-Grace Hopper introduces idea of software
Paradigm shift (what’s a paradigm?)
 Computers first and foremost, a communication device
 Second…an arithmetic tool
1961-1966
MIT begins testing connected networks
 ARPA one of main sponsors
1965 - Leonard Kleinrock, University of California
 Concept of packet switching
 Less vulnerable data
1965 – Experiment successful, 2 computers
 MIT, University of California
 Circuit switching too slow, need packet switching
1969 – ARPAnet launched, research begins
Interface Message Processors
September 2, 1969
ARPANET team

UCLA, Stanford, Bolt Beranek
and Newman (BBN)
Too large for the elevator!
First official nodes, and birth of
the Internet:




UC Los Angeles
Stanford
University of Utah
UC Santa Barbara
1969-1972
ARPANET grows to over 13 nodes
 Used for research communication
 File sharing
 International
 1973 – Norway and England
 First international additions to ARPANET
1970’s
1971: Ray Tomlinson, email program developed
 Scientist at BBN
 By 1973, email was 73% of all Internet traffic
 Enabled collaboration among researchers of ARPANET
1971: Dr. Ted Hoff develops a microprocessor
 Microprogrammable computer chip, Intel 4004
1972:Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn invented TCP/IP
 TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 TCP Enables flow, error checking
 IP enables identification and delivery of data
1973: Ethernet invented – Robert Metcalfe
1975: First mailing list
 Sent to SciFi lovers ; )
1970’s continued
1976: Apple II invented and marketed
 Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs
1978: First “Spam”
1979: End users have access to the Internet due to CompuServe
 Offered email and chat services
Late 70’s, early 80’s: IP v DNS:
 Instead of numbers (Internet Protocol addresses), we are able to
give names to websites (Domain Name Servers), more user
friendly
216.239.39.99 = www.google.com
1980’s
1981: IBM Personal Computer (PC) introduced
1985: NSFnet established
 5 locations: University of Pittsburgh, University of California-San
Diego, University of Illinois, Cornell University
 Commercial activity prohibited
1983: Time Magazine chooses a computer over a person
 “Machine of the Year” Time Magazine
1987: Internet Backbone
 Enhanced speed of the Internet
 Al Gore sponsored the bill to fund
 Main long distance lines and hardware to connect computers to
Internet
1989: Word Wide Web created by Tim Berners Lee
 Hypermedia software that allows use to “surf” graphically
(Hypertext Markup Language)
1990’s
1992: NSFnet allowed commercial activity
1995: Commercial connections took over NSFnet backbone
(MCI, AT&T)
1993: Browsers
 Gopher (1st “browser”, text only)
 Html (hypertext markup language)
 http (hypertext transfer protocol)
 Mosaic (Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina @ University of Illinois
1994: Netscape Navigator introduced
 Big demand from businesses
 First commercial browser
 Jim Clark &Marc Andreessen, owners of Netscape
And beyond…
Works Cited
The Alan Turing Home Page. Andrew Hodges. Web. 30 Sept. 2009.
<http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/index.html>.
Eniac Museum Online. Penn Engineering. Web. 30 Sept. 2009.
<http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/index.html>.
Shelly, Gary B., Thomas J. Cashman, and Jeffrey J. Webb. Discovering
Computers: Fundamentals. 3rd ed. Boston: Thomson Course
Technology, 2007. Print.
Shelly, Gary B., Thomas J. Cashman, H. Albert Napier, and Philip J. Judd.
Discovering the Internet Complete Concepts and Techniques, Second
Edition (Shelly Cashman). 2nd ed. Boston: Course Technology, 2007.
Print.
Waxer, Barbara, and Marsha Baum. Internet Surf and Turf-Revealed The
Essential Guide to Copyright, Fair Use, and Finding Media (Revealed).
Boston: Course Technology, 2005. Print.