Transcript tia3_ppt_tif01

Technology in Action
© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology in Action
Technology in Focus:
History of the PC
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Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800
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The first microcomputer
Sold as a kit
Switches for input
Lights for output
Gates and Allen create a
compiler for Basic
• MITS receives 4,000
orders
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Apple I and Apple II
• Apple I built by Steve
Wozniak in 1976
• Apple II developed by
Steve Jobs in 1977
• Uses Motorola
processor
• First fully contained
microcomputer
• Highly successful
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Early Competitors
• Commodore
• TRS-80
• Osborne
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IBM PC
• IBM enters small
computer market 1981
• Uses open architecture
• Purchases operating
system from Microsoft
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Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code (BASIC)
• Revolutionized the software
industry
• Programming language that
beginners could easily learn
• Key language of the PC
• Bill Gates and Paul Allen
used BASIC to write the
program for the Altair
• Led to the creation of
Microsoft
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Advent of Operating Systems
• Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive
• Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating
system that controlled the first Apples
• Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M):
First operating system for Intel-based PCs
• MS-DOS
– Operating system for IBM PCs
– Based on an operating system called Quick and
Dirty Operating System (QDOS)
– Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen
– All PCs using the Intel chip used
MS-DOS
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Software Application Explosion
• Electronic
Spreadsheets
– VisiCalc
– Lotus 1-2-3 and
Microsoft Excel
• Word Processing
Bricklin and Frankston
– WordStar
– Word for MS-DOS
– Word Perfect
VisiCalc screenshot
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Graphical User Interface
• Xerox
Xerox Alto
– Palo Alto
Research Center
– Alto: 1972
• Apple
– Lisa: 1983
– Macintosh: 1984
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The Internet Boom
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Mosaic
Netscape
Internet Explorer
Windows 95
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Early Computer History
• Pascalene 1624
– The first accurate mechanical
calculator
– Created by Blaise Pascal
– Used to add, subtract, multiply,
and divide
• Jacquard Loom 1820
– Created by Joseph Jacquard
– A machine that automated the
weaving of complex patterns
– Used holes punched in cards to
automate the process
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Early Computer History
• Analytical Engine 1834
– Created by Charles Babbage
• The father of computing
– The first automatic calculator
– Includes components similar to
those found in today's computers
• Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890
– Created by Herman Hollerith
– Used punch cards to tabulate
census data
– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine
Company, which later became IBM
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Early Computer History
• Z1 1936
– Created by Konrad Zuse
– The Z1 is a mechanical
calculator
– It included a control unit and
memory functions
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer
1939
– Created by John Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry
– The first electrically powered
digital computer
– Used vacuum tubes to store
data
– The first computer to use the
binary system
Atansoff-Berry Computer
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Early Computer History
• Harvard Mark I 1944
– Created by Howard Aiken and Grace
Hopper
– A computer used by the US Navy for
ballistics calculations
– Hopper’s contribution to computing
was
• Invention of the compiler
• Coined the term “computer bug”
• Turing Machine 1939
– Created by Alan Turing
– A hypothetical model that defined a
mechanical procedure or algorithm
– Concept of an infinite tape that could
read, write, and erase was precursor
to today’s RAM
1st use of “computer bug”
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Early Computer History
• ENIAC 1944
– Created by John W.
Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert
– The first successful highspeed electronic digital
computer
ENIAC
• UNIVAC 1951
– The first commercially
successful electronic digital
computer
– Used magnetic tape
UNIVAC
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Early Computer History
• Transistors 1945
– Invented at Bell Laboratories
– Replaces vacuum tubes
• Integrated circuits 1958
– Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments
– A small chip containing
thousands of transistors
– Enabled computers to become
smaller and lighter
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Early Computer History
• Microprocessor chip 1971
– Created by Intel Corporation
– A small chip containing millions of transistors
– It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
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Computer Generations
• First-generation computers (1946–1958)
– UNIVAC
– Use vacuum tubes to store data
• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)
– Use transistors to store data
• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)
– Use integrated circuits
• Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today)
– Use a microprocessor chip
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