Transcript Notebook computers are

Introduction to Computing
Lecture # 2
Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
• 3000 BCE: Abacus invented in Babylonia
• 1642: first mechanical adding machine (Blaise
Pascal)
• 1666: first mechanical calculator that can add
and subtract (Samuel Morland)
• 1833: Babbage’s Difference Engine
(automatic calculator)
• 1944: first electro-mechanical computer
(Mark-I)
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Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
• 1945: John Von Neumann introduces the
concepts of a stored-program
• 1946: first programmable electronic computer
in united states (ENIAC)
• 1967: handheld calculator
• 1975: first microcomputer (MIT’s Altair 8800)
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• 1981: IBM introduces personal computer (with
8088 CPU and 16KB RAM)
Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
• 1982: portable computers
• 1985: Intel’s 80386 32-bit microprocessor is
introduced
• 1993: multimedia desktop computers; Intel
introduces its first Pentium chip; Motorola
releases the PowerPC CPU
• 1995: Intel’s Pentium Pro
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• 1997: Intel’s Pentium II
Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
• 1999: Intel’s Pentium III; AMD’s Athlon CPU (800
MHz); Power Mac G4 available
• 2000: Intel’s Pentium 4: AMD’s Athlon CPU
reaches 1 GHz
• 2001: Pentium IV reaches 2 GHz
• 2002: Pentium IV reaches 3.06 GHz; Power Mac
has 2.1 GHz Power PC CPUs
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• 2003: Intel’s Pentium M/Centrino for mobile
computing; 64-bit processors
The Computer Generations
• The term “Generation” is used to distinguish
between varying hardware and software
technologies.
• It provides a framework for the growth of the
computer industry.
• There are five computer generations.
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First Generation (1942-1955)
• Key Hardware Technologies
– Vacuum tubes (in thousands), electromagnetic
relay memory, punched cards secondary storage
• Key Software Technologies
– Machine and assembly languages, stored-program
concept, mostly scientific applications
• Key Characteristics
– Bulky in size, computations in milliseconds, highly
unreliable, limited commercial use, commercial
production difficult and costly, difficult to use
• Some Representative Systems
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– ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-1, IBM 701
Second Generation (1955-1964)
• Key Hardware Technologies
– Transistors (ten times faster switching than tubes), magnetic
cores memory, magnetic tapes and disks secondary storage
• Key Software Technologies
– Batch operating system, high-level programming languages
(like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL), scientific and commercial
applications (like payroll, inventory control, marketing)
• Key Characteristics
– Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than
previous generation systems, commercial production was still
difficult and costly (thousands of transistors to be assembled
manually)
• Some Representative Systems
– Honeywell 400, IBM 7030, CDC 1604, UNIVAC LARC
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Third Generation (1964-1975)
• Key Hardware Technologies
– ICs (consists of several transistors, resistors, capacitors) with
SSI and MSI technologies, larger magnetic cores memory,
larger capacity disks and magnetic tapes secondary storage,
minicomputers
– SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10 to 20 components
– MSI (Medium Scale Integration): up to 100 components
• Key Software Technologies
– Timesharing operating system, standardization of high-level
programming languages, unbundling of software from
hardware
• Key Characteristics
– Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier and cheaper to
produce commercially, easier to use, and easier to upgrade
than previous generation systems; scientific, commercial, and
interactive online applications (like airline reservation
systems)
• Some Representative Systems
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– IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CDC 6600
Fourth Generation (1975-1989)
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• Key Hardware Technologies
– ICs with VLSI technology, microprocessors, semiconductor
memory, larger capacity hard disks as built-in secondary
storage, magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage
media, PCs, spread of high-speed computer networks
– LSI (Large Scale Integration): 30,000 components
– VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): 1 million components
• Key Software Technologies
– Operating systems for PCs, GUI, multiple windows on a
single terminal screen, UNIX operating system, C
programming language, PC-based applications, networkingbased applications
• Key Characteristics
– Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs, more
powerful and reliable mainframe systems, totally general
purpose machines, easier to produce commercially
• Some Representative Systems
– IBM PC and its clones, Apple II, TRS-80, VAX 9000, CRAY1, CRAY-2, CRAY-X/MP
Fifth Generation (1989-Present)
• Key Hardware Technologies
– ICs with ULSI technology, larger capacity main memory,
larger capacity hard disks, optical disks as portable read-only
storage media, notebook computers, powerful desktop PCs
and workstations, very powerful mainframes, internet
– ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration): 10 million components
• Key Software Technologies
– World Wide Web, multimedia applications, internet-based
applications
• Key Characteristics
– Portable computers, more powerful, cheaper, reliable, and
easier to use desktop machines, very powerful mainframes,
very high uptime due to hot-pluggable components, totally
general purpose machines, easier to produce commercially
• Some Representative Systems
– IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs, SUN Workstations, IBM SP/2,
SGI Origin 2000, PARAM 10,000
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The Varieties of Computers
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Computers come in a variety of shapes and
sizes.
Computers can be classified according to
their processing power.
In decreasing order of size:
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
The Varieties of Computers
1. Supercomputers
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Typically priced from
$500,000 to more than
$350 million.
High-capacity machines
with thousands of
processors that can
perform more than several
trillion calculations per
second.
The fastest computer in the
world, which cost $350
million and looks like rows
of refrigerator-size boxes,
is the NEC Earth Simulator
in Yokohama, Japan.
Supercomputer
The Varieties of Computers
1. Supercomputers
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Fastest, most powerful,
most expensive among the
categories
Suitable for intensive
calculations and
processing
e.g. Deep Blue, Blue Gene,
IBM ASCI (Accelerated
Strategies Computing
Initiative) White
Example Application:
weather forecasting,
simulating explosions of
nuclear bombs, finding oil,
designing aircrafts, etc.
The Varieties of Computers
2. Mainframes
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Water- or air-cooled computers
that cost $5000 - $5 million and
vary in size from small, to
medium, to large, depending
on their use.
Small mainframes used to be
called minicomputers; today,
they’re more frequently called
midsize computers.
Terminal - means often used to
access a mainframe. Consists
of a display screen and a
keyboard. A terminal can input
and output data but cannot by
itself process data.
Mainframe
The Varieties of Computers
2. Mainframes
• Allows hundreds of people to have simultaneous computer
usage
• Used in large business environment (e.g., bank)
• Processing speed: billions of instructions per second
VP2400 mainframe
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The Varieties of Computers
3. Workstations
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Workstations - expensive,
powerful computers usually
used for complex scientific,
mathematical, and engineering
calculations and for computeraided design and computeraided manufacturing.
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Workstations provide
capabilities comparable to
midsize mainframes. They are
used for tasks such as
prescription drugs and movie
special effects (such as 3D life
in The Lord of the Rings and
Harry Potter).
Workstation: Sun Ultra450
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The Varieties of Computers
4. Microcomputers
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Microcomputers - also called
personal computers. Cost $500 $5000. Can fit next to a desk or
on a desktop, or can be carried
around.
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Tower PC - PC in which the case
sits as a “tower,” often on the floor
beside a desk, thus freeing up
desk space.
HP Compaq Business
d220 tower microcomputer
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The Varieties of Computers
4. Microcomputers
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Desktop PC - those in which the
case or main housing sits on a
desk, with keyboard in front and
monitor (screen) often on top.
Compaq Evo desktop
microcomputer
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Apple i-Mac computer
The Varieties of Computers
4. Microcomputers
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In addition to the desktop PC,
microcomputers can also be
notebook computers and PDAs
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Notebook computers are also
called laptop computers
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Laptop computers are
lightweight portable computers
with built-in monitor, keyboard,
hard-disk drive, battery, and
AC adapter.
The Varieties of Computers
4. Microcomputers
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Personal digital assistants
(PDAs) are also called
handheld computers or
palmtops.
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PDAs combine personal
organization tools--schedule
planners, address books, to-do
lists--with the ability in some
cases to send e-mail and
faxes.
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Well-known makers of PDAs
include Palm, Handspring,
Sony, and Compaq.
Personal Digital Assistant
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The Varieties of Computers
5. Microcontrollers
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Microcontrollers - also called
embedded computers.
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They are the tiny, specialized
microprocessors installed in
“smart” appliances and
automobiles.
DSP: Digital Signal Processor
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